Name ___________________________________
Class Period ____________
Unit #1: COGNITION (Memory, Thinking, Language)
RG 1A
pg. 255-258
I. Memory- The Basics
Explain flashbulb memories
List and describe the 3 information-processing steps of memory
Explain Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three-stage processing model of memory
What are some of the problems associated with this theory of memory?
Explain working memory
Describe an example of how someone might use their working memory:
RG 1B
pg. 258-265
II. Step One- Encoding=
Two types of encoding:
Automatic processing
Effortful processing
Rehearsal
Explain Ebbinghaus’ research on memory
What simple principle of learning came out of his research?
Next-in-line effectExampleSpacing effectExampleSerial position effectExample-
What we encode...
Example...
Semantic=
Acoustic=
Visual=
What type/kind of information do we remember the most?
Explain the self-reference effect.
Imagery
Describe a mnemonic device
Explain....
Method of loci=
Peg word=
Organizing encoded information
Chunking-
Acronyms-
Explain hierarchies
Create an example...
RG 1C
pg. 265-274
III. Step Two- Storage=
Sensory memory=
Describe...
Give an example....
Iconic memory
Echoic memory
Short-term memory/working memory=
Capacity of short-term memory=
What do we remember better?
Long-term memory=
Capacity?
Storing memories
Where are memories physically stored in the brain?
Explain the idea of a “memory trace.”
Explain long-term potentiation.
What “hope” has this given researchers?
How do stress hormones impact memory?
Compare and contrast:
Implicit Memories
Explicit Memories
Describe an example...
Describe an example...
How do these two types of memories relate to amnesic patients?
How is the hippocampus involved in memory?
How is the cerebellum involved in memory?
What does the dual explicit-implicit memory system help explain? Why?
RG 1D
pg. 274-278
IV. Step Three- Retrieval=
A. Recall-
B. Recognition-
C. Relearning-
Explain retrieval cues and their importance to remembering.
What is priming?
What are the “best” retrieval” cues?
How does context impact memory?
Explain déjà vu.
Explain mood-congruent memory.
How else can our mood influence behavior?
RG 1E
pg. 278-294
V. Forgetting=
Explain encoding failure.
Explain storage decay.
What is retrieval failure?
Compare and Contrast:
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
Describe an example...
Describe an example...
Come up with a mnemonic device (any kind you want) to remember Proactive and Retroactive
interference.
Explain motivated forgetting.
What is repression?
Explain the basic concept of memory construction.
What is the misinformation effect and when does it occur?
Explain source amnesia (misattribution).
How can we tell the difference between real and false memories?
How credible are children’s eyewitness reports?
Explain the controversy over repressed memories among psychologists.
Bottom line…what does evidence say about repression?
How can we improve memory, especially when studying? (8 ways)
RG 1F
pg. 298-312
VI. Thinking
Define cognition
Explain concepts and prototypes.
Describe the following problem-solving strategies…
Give an example of each...
Algorithm
Heuristic
Insight
Explain the following obstacles to solving problems…be sure to explain WHY it causes issues with
solving problems…
Confirmation bias
Fixation
Mental set
Functional fixedness
Explain the representativenesss heuristic.
How can using this heuristic lead to judgmental errors?
Explain the availability heuristic.
How can using this heuristic lead to judgmental errors?
What is overconfidence?
Can anything change overconfidence?
Explain the positives of overconfidence.
Explain framing.
Give some examples of framing…(AT LEAST 2)
What is belief bias?
Explain belief perseverance.
How can this have a negative impact on individuals?
RG 1G
pg. 312-328
VII. Language=
Language Structure
Explain...
Describe an example...
a. Phonemes
b. Morpheme
c. Grammar
i. Semantics
ii. Syntax
Explain the babbling stage of language development.
Babbling is NOT…
Explain the one-word stage vs. two-word stage of language development.
Describe telegraphic speech.
How do we learn language?????
Skinner’s view…
Explain Chomsky’s theory of language development…
The Cognitive Neuroscientists’ view today…
Explain linguistic determinism.
This hypothesis suggests…
How does using the pronoun “he” rather than “she” influence the way we think?
Give some examples of thinking WITHOUT language.
Is this type of thought beneficial? Explain.
In the end…how are thinking and language related?
List the 5 cognitive skills humans and the great apes seem to share.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Do animals use language? Explain.