 Count
how many butterflies you can spot on
the wall
 Count
how many butterflies you can spot on
the floor
 What

A trait that an organism acquires or gains over its
lifetime. It cannot be passed on to its offspring.
Like the ability a monkey has to peel a banana.
 What

is an acquired trait?
is an inherited trait?
A trait that is passed to offspring because of
genetic inheritance. Could be good or bad for
the organism.
 What
are some examples of traits that make
an organism MORE suited to its environment?
 What
are some examples of traits that make
an organism LESS suited to its environment?
 Blue
eyes
 Dog’s
short fur
 Sun
tan
 Colorblindness
 Broken
arm
 Ability
 Blonde
hair
 Love
A
Cold
of music
 Ability
well
to roll tongue
to do math
 In
your group of 3, time each person for 10
seconds while they pick up toothpicks one by
one.
 Make
a chart in your notes of how many
toothpicks of each color each person picked
up.
Person
Leonardo
Donatello
Michaelangelo
Brown
Red
Yellow
 Write
 Write
down 5 acquired traits.
down 5 traits that you have inherited
from your parents.
 When
environments changed, organisms had
to change their behavior to survive. If they
began to use an organ more than they had in
the past, it would increase in its lifetime. If
a giraffe stretched its neck for leaves, for
example, a "nervous fluid" would flow into its
neck and make it longer. Its offspring would
inherit the longer neck, and continued
stretching would make it longer still over
several generations. Meanwhile organs that
organisms stopped using would shrink.
 Is this true?
 Two
ways to inherit traits. Most organisms
reproduce with one or the other, not both.


Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
 Both
use genetic information (DNA) to create
offspring
 The
DNA of the parent is the same as the
offspring.
 Any
genetic mutation (whether good or bad)
will be passed onto the offspring.
 Mitosis
A
better system for producing genetic
variation and therefore “fitness” for an
environment
½
of the DNA from one parent and ½ from
the other parent
 Meiosis
 Advantages


More opportunity for mutations
More DNA combinations
 Disadvantages


Sometimes takes longer
Some bad genes are still possible
 Double
½
genes on one side
 ½ genes on other side
 Sex cells have ½
 Mutation is a change
in the DNA. Can be good
or bad.
 One
cell splits into 2 cells
 Makes
 All
an exact copy of itself
the DNA, traits are exactly the same
 Cell
divides and makes 4 copies.
 Each
new cell gets ½ the DNA of the first
cell.
 Used
in sexual reproduction to make eggs,
pollen, etc.
 Read
pg C97-103 as a class.
 Make
an example of an offspring’s DNA in
asexual and sexual reproduction.
 Follow
the example on the board.
LIGERS
• Lion and tiger mixed together
• Half of its DNA is from lion, half from
tiger
• Has traits of both animals
• Does not occur in nature
OTHER HYBRIDS
Splake- hybrid of male brook trout and female
lake trout
Africanized honey bee- African and European
bees, “killer bees”
Beefalo-cattle and bison
Zebroid-zebra and horse
ACTIVITY
• You need to create your own hybrid!
• Draw a picture of what your hybrid would
look like
• List the traits it would get from each of its
parents
• List the advantages and disadvantages it
would have in the wild
• DUE AT THE END OF CLASS!!!
 Allele:
Different forms of a gene
 Homozygous:
the same alleles (either both
are dominant or both are recessive).
 Heterozygous:
different alleles
 Phenotype:
what an organism LOOKS like
 Genotype:
what an organism’s GENES say
 Dominant
alleles occur on sections of DNA
that code for a particular trait.
 If
a dominant allele is present, then the
organism is going to have the phenotype for
that trait
 Example:

If you have the gene for free ear lobes, then you
will have free ear lobes.
 Recessive
alleles occur on DNA sections
where BOTH strands of the DNA must have
the recessive allele in order for the recessive
trait to be shown or expressed.
 Example:

If you have 1 gene for connected ear lobes, and 1
gene for free ear lobes, then you will have free
ear lobes

If you have 2 genes for connected ear lobes, then
you will have connected ear lobes
 In
“genetic writing”, dominant traits/alleles
are represented by capital letters, such as
“B”
 Recessive
traits/alleles are represented by
lower case letters, such as “b”
 BB=homozygous
dominant
 bb=homozygous recessive
 Bb=heterozygous
 Co-dominance
is when there is more than
one dominant allele, as well as a recessive
allele


Blood type: A, AB, B, O
O is recessive, A & B are dominant
 Incomplete
Dominance is when a
heterozygous gene (one dominant and one
recessive) shows a “mix” of the two

Pink flowers from a red and white allele
 What




did he do?
Studied traits and inheritance in pea plants
Crossed purebred pea plants
Offspring, of F1 generation
Dominant and recessive alleles
 Example



Round seed is dominant and wrinkled is recessive
Yellow seed is dominant and green is recessive
Tall is dominant and short is recessive
 Method
used to determine the
probability of offspring having
recessive or dominant traits.
 In
humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over
blue (b)
 Blue
eyed mom and homozygous brown eyed
dad
 Blue
eyed mom and heterozygous dad
 Heterozygous
mom and dad
 In
dogs, there is an hereditary deafness
caused by a recessive gene, “d.”
 What
percentage of dogs would be deaf if…
 Homozygous
dominant and heterozygote
 Heterozygote and homozygous recessive
 Homozygous dominant and homozygous
reccessive
 2 heterozygotes
 Bikini
 QUIZ
Bottom Genetics worksheet
ON FRIDAY!!!!
 Originally,
there was only one species of
squirrel living in the Grand Canyon. As the
Grand Canyon deepened and widened, the
group of squirrels on the north side of the
canyon got separated from the group on the
south side. The squirrels separated on the
north side now have black fur, while the
squirrels on the south side have red fur. The
separation of the two groups caused them to
evolve different traits. The two groups are
becoming more and more genetically
different, and in time will likely become two
different species.
 People
have been selectively breeding plants
and animals for a long time. Native
Americans produced corn by selectively
breeding a species of weed. The corn they
produced had ears that were only three
inches long. Modern science has increased
the length of the ears to one foot
long. Farmers cross cows that produce the
most milk to produce new generations of
cows that produce increasing amounts of
milk.
 As
Charles Darwin conducted research on the
Galapagos Islands, he noticed differences in
finches from island to island. One of the
biggest differences was the sizes and shapes
of the bird beaks. Each bird had the type of
beak it needed to survive. Finches that ate
insects had sharp needlelike beaks. Those
that ate seeds had strong, wide beaks. The
shape of the beak is an example of an
adaptation, or change over time, that helped
the birds survive.
 Polar
bears live in the Arctic areas. They DO
NOT live in the southern hemisphere
 Adult
males are 8-10 feet tall and weigh 5501700 pounds
 Adult
females are 6-8 feet tall and weigh
200-700 pounds
 Have
2 layers of fur. Their fur is clear and
hollow. It is oily and repels water.
 They
have a layer of blubber (fat) to insulate
them. It can be up to 4.5 inches thick
 Compact
 Bumps
the ice
ears and small tail prevent heat loss
on feet keep them from slipping on
 Slightly
webbed paws to help them swim
 Powerful
 Nose
 They
claws to catch seals
can detect prey from miles away
can dig out shelters and curl up in them
to get out of the cold, wind
 Eat
walruses, seals, small whales, reindeer,
birds, bird eggs, seaweed, small mammals,
plants, berries
 They
try to kill a seal about every 5-6 days
 In
the wild, they live 15-18 years
 In
zoos, they can live 30-40 years
 They
do not hibernate
 Mothers
make dens when they give birth and
the babies stay in it for about 4 months
 Mothers
 Baby
usually have 2 cubs at a time
polar bears are the size of a rat when
they are born
 Their
predators are humans, other polar
bears, sometimes walruses.
 Climate
change is the biggest threat to bears
 There
are 25,000-40,000 polar bears in the
world.
 In
winter, polar bears sleep in shallow pits
they dig in the snow with their sides or backs
to the wind.
 Polar
bears need to have ice to hunt seals.