Skeletal System Overview
Biology 2121
Chapter 7
Study Guide Notes
1. You are responsible for any bone covered in the lab.
– Bone location
– General function(s) of bone
2. PP Notes
3. Review/Objective Notes
Introduction
Skeletal System
– Axial vs. Appendicular
– Number of Bones
Functions
– 1. Support
– 2. Mineral and Lipid storage
– 3. Hematopoiesis
– 4. Protection
– 5. Leverage
Axial Skeleton – The Skull
1. Skull
– 22 facial and cranial bones
2. Cranium
– (8) cranial bones
– Thin, formed by intermembranous
processes
– Protection; attachment site for head and
neck muscles
– Encases the brain
2. Bones are held together by ‘sutures’
– Coronal, saggitial, squamous, lambdoid
3. Facial Bones
– (14) facial bones
– Functions
1. (26) bones total
– 7 Cervical; 12 Thoracic; 5 Lumbar;
sacrum and coccyx
– Curvature
2. Attachments
– Longitudinal ligaments
– Ligamentum flavum
3. Discs
– Gelatinous; collagen and
fibrocartilage
– Compressible
4. Structure and Differences
– Differences between cervical,
thoracic and lumbar sections
Vertebral
Column
Sacrum and Coccyx
1. Sacrum
– (5) fused vertebrae
– Sacral foramina
– Sacral nerves; BVs
– Sacral canal
– Continuation of vertebral canal
– Forms joint with hip bones
(sacroilliac joint)
2. Coccyx
– (4) fused vertebrae
– Mostly ‘useless’
1. Function
– Protects heart, lungs, blood vessels
– Supports shoulder girdles, upper
limbs, attachments for muscles
2. Sternum
– Attachment site for clavicles
(clavicular notch)
– Xiphoid process ossifies around ‘40’
– Hematopoiesis
3. Ribs
– (12) pairs; (7)-True; (5)-False; Last
pair – Floating
– Joined by costal cartilage
Thoracic Cage
Appendicular Skeleton – Pectoral Girdle
1. Pectoral ‘Shoulder’
– Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton;
muscle attachment
2. Clavicles
– Articulates with scapulae and sternum
– Anchor muscles (deltoid; pectoralis major);
brace arms and shoulder
3. Scapulae
– “spade or shovel”
– Coracoid process (biceps; coracobrachialis)
– Acromioclavicular joint
Upper, Lower Arm - Hand
1. Humerus
– Tubercles (rotator cuff muscles);
deltoid tuberosity (deltoid)
– Condyles (capitulum and trochlea)
– Epicondyles (muscle attachments)
2. Ulna and Radius
– Ulna (elbow joint)
– Radius (radial tuberosity – biceps)
3. Carpus-Metacarpus-Phalanges
– 8-carpal bones
1. Os coxae (hip bones)
– Form pelvic girdle
– Pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx = bony
pelvis
– Ilium; Ischium and Pubis
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
2. Male vs. Female
– Male: cavity is narrow; deep; less tilt;
heavier
– Female: broad cavity; lighter; acetabula
farther apart
3. Female and Childbirth
– True pelvis (inlet and outlet) important for
childbirth
1. Femur
– Largest, longest, strongest bone in
the human body
– Trochanters (thigh and buttock
muscles)
– Epicondyles
– Patella
2. Tibia and Fibula
– Tibia: transfers weight of femur to
foot; distal tibia articulates with
talus of foot; medial malleolus
(ankle)
– Fibula: not weight bearing;
muscular attachments
Lower Limbs
Foot
1. Tarsus
– (7) tarsal bones
– “talus” – ankle bone;
“calcaneous” – heel
– Cuboid, navicular and
cuneiform bones
2. Metatarsus and
Phalanges
– (14) phalanges