Nutrition
Chapter 49-1 and
Chapter 3
Unit 2
Lecture 4
 Topic:
 Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Nutrition
 Covers:
 Chapter 3, pages 52 – 54
 Chapter 49, page 977
 All compounds can be classified in two broad categories:
ORGANIC and INORGANIC compounds.
 Organic Compounds
 Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
 The chemistry of carbon is considered to be “The chemistry
of life”.
 In organic compounds, carbon atom is usually bonded to
another carbon, hydrogen or oxygen
 Carbon is the “backbone” of organic compounds
 Carbon atoms can form 4 covalent bonds in all directions
 Can form many different shaped molecules – straight
chain, branched chain, rings, etc
 NOTE: Bond represented by a line connecting Carbon to
another element
 LARGE CARBON MOLECULES
 MONOMER - a single organic molecule
 Example: Glucose (blood sugar)
 POLYMER - two or more monomers together
 Example: Sucrose
 MACROMOLECULE - large organic molecule, made up of
many polymers
 Examples: Glycogen, Starch
Six Basic
Food Ingredients
 All of the foods in the would contain at least one of six
basic ingredients, also known as nutrients:
 Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
 Four of these nutrients are organic compounds
 Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins
 Two of these nutrients are inorganic compounds
 Minerals, water
 These do not contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
End of Lecture 4
Unit 4
Lecture 5
 Topics:
 Carbohydrates and Lipids (Fats)
 Covers:
 Chapter 3, page 55 – 56 and 58 – 59
 Chapter 49, page 977 – 979
Carbohydrates
 Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
 Function: Gives the body a quick energy source
 Easy for the body to break down carbs and convert into ATP
 MONOSACCHARIDE
 MONOMER of carbohydrate, aka Simple Sugar
 EXAMPLES:
 Glucose (blood sugar)
 Fructose (found in fruits, sweetest)
 Galactose (found in milk)
Isomers – Molecules with same
chemical formula but different
structure
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
OH
O
HO
H
CH2OH
H
O
HO
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
GLUCOSE
HO
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
GALACTOSE
FRUCTOSE
 DISACCHARIDE
 2 Monosaccharides combine to form a DISACCHARIDE,
aka Double Sugar
 EXAMPLE:
 Sucrose (table sugar) = Fructose + Glucose
 Maltose (malt sugar) = Glucose + Glucose
 Lactose (milk sugar) = Glucose + Galactose
 POLYSACCHARIDE
 Many Monosaccharides combine to form a
POLYSACCHARIDE
 EXAMPLES:
 Glycogen - many molecules of glucose
 How animals store glucose, good source of energy
 Stored in our liver and muscles
 Starch - many molecules of glucose
 How plants store glucose
 Cellulose - a form of starch, makes up the rigid cell wall
 We cannot digest cellulose, but it does stimulate
smooth muscle contractions within the digestive
system
Lipids
 Lipids
 Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
 Large molecules, long carbon “tail”
 Function:
 Used to build cell membranes, protect organs and
provide insulation
 Gives the body an energy storage
 Lipids don't dissolve in water (NONPOLAR)
 Carbs that aren't converted into ATP will be stored as
lipids
 Lipids are necessary to all living organisms
 Types of Lipids
 1. Saturated Fats
 Can increase levels of bad cholesterol and blood
cholesterol (bad) and decreases levels of good
cholesterol
 Saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temp
 EXAMPLES: Butter, Animal fat, Lard, Shortening
 Types of Lipids
 2. Unsaturated Fats
 Can decrease levels of bad cholesterol and blood
cholesterol
 Can increase levels of good cholesterol
 Unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid at room
temp.
 EXAMPLES: Olive oil, Plant seeds and fruits
 Some Types of Lipids:
 3. Phospholipid
 Make up the cell membrane
 4. Wax
 Forms a waterproof, protective coating
 Examples: ear wax, bees' wax, surface of plants
End of Lecture 5
Unit 4
Lecture 6
 Topics:
 Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
 Covers:
 Chapter 3, pages 56 – 57
 Chapter 49, pages 977 – 982
Proteins
 Proteins
 Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
 Functions/Types of Proteins:
 Major source of structural material in the body
 Make up skin and muscles of animals
 Help body to grow and repair damaged tissue
 Some types of proteins: hormones, insulin, antibodies,
enzymes, hair, skin pigment
Proteins
 Proteins
 Proteins are macromolecules
 Made up of monomers known as AMINO ACIDS
 20 different kinds of amino acids
 Every amino acid has the same basic structure
EXCEPT for one part, known as the "R group”
 Each amino acid has a different R group
 Our body can't produce all 20 amino acids, although we
need all 20 to function
 We get these 8 (or 10 for children) essential amino acids
from our diet
 ENZYMES
 ENZYMES are proteins with a special job
 Name of enzyme usually ends in –ase (Ex: Sucrase)
 CATALYST - speed up the reactions in the body by
lowering the activation energy
 Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between
the enzyme and the substrate
 ENZYMES
 Enzyme and substrate have a specific form to allow
them to fit together (like a lock and key)
 After the reaction is complete, the enzyme’s original
shape returns
 This allows enzymes to be used numerous times
 Proteins
 Proteins are very large molecules made up of a long chain
of amino acids
 Order and type of amino acids is different for each type
of protein
 This gives each type of protein a different shape
 If the protein changes its form, it changes the function
 EXAMPLES:
 Egg whites, Enzymes
 The form of proteins can change because of temperature,
amino acid sequence, incorrect folding
 VITAMINS
 Organic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living organisms
 Function: work as coenzymes
 Def: molecule that helps enzymes to be more efficient
 Can be used many times, just like enzymes
 This is why we only need a small amount of daily vitamins
 Our body can't make most vitamins
 Need to get vitamins from another source (food, supplements)
 Vitamins can be water or fat soluble
 If intake too many vitamins:
 Water soluble - released in urine
 Fat soluble - build up in body, can be fatal
 MINERALS
 Inorganic compound, nutrient, necessary for all living
organisms
 Function: Provide necessary material needed for cells to
function properly
 Our body can't make minerals
 Need to get minerals from another source (food,
supplements)
 WATER
 Inorganic molecule, nutrient, necessary to maintain life
 Over half of your body weight is from water!
 Function:
 Regulate body temperature
 Dissolves substances (salts, sugars, wastes)
 Transportation of substances through cells and whole
body
 Need to intake as much water (or more) than we lose
during the day
 If losing too much water, cells won’t be able to function
 Known as Dehydration
End of Lecture 6