Chapter 2 B
Organic
Chemistry
What is Organic Chemistry
Biosynthesis: living things
making substances
Molecules made from Carbon, but it
usually has Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide is not an organic
molecule.
Organic compounds:
contain Carbon
can be made by an organism
Carbon has 4 valence e-
can bond w/ up to 4 atoms
can form single, double, triple
bonds
can form chains & rings
Carbon – the building block
4 kinds of Organic Compounds
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
CH2O - Hydrated Carbon
carbohydrates = saccharides
C(OH2)
hydrated Carbon
3 types of simple sugars
1. monosaccharides
ex: ribose, glucose, fructose
2. disaccharides
ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose
3. polysaccharide
ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose
Starch
an energy source stored by plants
Glycogen
an energy storage molecule in humans
Cellulose
makes plants strong
isn’t digestible to most animals
roughage (fiber) in diet
Dehydration Synthesis
How are organic molecules made?
dehydration – remove water
synthesis – to make
Dehydration Synthesis is “to make by
removing water”
Dehydration Synthesis
http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/biochemistry/
Hydrolysis
How are organic molecules broken down?
hydro – water
lys – to break
Hydrolysis is “to break by adding water”
Hydrolysis
http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201111230226161476457.png
Lipids
(fats, waxes, cholesterol, oil, phospholipids)
* made of fatty acids & glycerol
* do not dissolve in H2O
* contains most energy/ gram
Lipids
 Glycerol Molecule
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/
 Glycerol (circled in red) and
3 Fatty Acid Chains
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fat.jpg
Lipids
A glycerol molecule
connected to 3 fatty
Acid chains.
Lipids can be
* saturated with H
solid at room temp
ex: crisco, butter, cholesterol
* unsaturated
has C=C (double bonds)
liquid at room temperature
ex: olive oil
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fat.jpg
Phospholipids
hydrophobic tail
hydrophilic head
Phospholipids
Cellular Membrane is composed
of a Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
• wide variety
• made of amino acids
amine
acid
group
group
-NH3
-COO
amino acid
Building a protein
Amino Acids
http://njms2.umdnj.edu/biochweb/education/bioweb/PreK2010/aminoacids.gif
Proteins
• amino acids linked by peptide bond
forms polypeptide chain
Critical for proteins to be functional
1.chain fold into 3D protein shape
2.sequence of amino acids
determines the protein
Polypeptide Chain
Hemoglobin
Ribosome
http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m3tiv4YgRX1r9duat.jpg
Enzymes = biological catalyst
Enzymes are proteins!!
Enzymes allow reactions (rxn) to occur in
living things with out dangerous energy
levels
Enzymes usually end in –ase
Amylase
Catalase
Protease
Lipase
Cellulase
Pepsin (but not always end in –ase)
Enzymes
1) proteins
2) highly specific
3) require energy
4) may require coenzymes
5) affected by heat, radiation, pH, chemicals
6) often work in series
7) have active sites
Enzyme Activity
Lego Enzyme Animation
Enzyme lowers Activation Energy
http://njms2.umdnj.edu/biochweb/education/bioweb/PreK2010/EnzymeActivationEnergy2.gif
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
• found in the nucleus
DNA
• material of heredity = genes
• structure determined by
Watson & Crick, 1953
They stole it from Rosalind Strickland
• blueprint for making itself
DNA = double chain of nucleotides
1) sugar = deoxyribose
2) phosphate
3) base
DNA replication
making 2 new DNA
molecules from an
old 1
RNA
uracil instead of
thymine
ribose instead of
deoxyribose
Not too painful, was it?
We have knocked this
chapter out
Do I have bad breath??