Unit 3 Learning and Cognition Study Guide
Ch. 7 Module 14,15,16
Introduction to Classical Conditioning
Learning
Classical conditioning
Stimulus
Response
Behaviorism
John Watson
Cognition
Components of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Neutral stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
Classical Conditioning Processes
Acquisition
Trial
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery
Ivan Pavlov
Generalization and Discrimination
Generalization
Discrimination
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
Rosalie Rayner
Little Albert
Taste aversion
John Garcia
Robert Rescorla
Cognition and Biological Predisposition
What Is Operant Conditioning?
Operant conditioning
Frequency
Consequence
The Law of Effect
Law of effect
Edward Thorndike
B.F. Skinner
Reinforcement
Punishment
Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Immediate reinforcement
Delayed reinforcement
Primary reinforcement
Secondary reinforcement
Punishment
Punishment
Some Reinforcement Procedures
Shaping
Discrimination
Generalization
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement
Partial reinforcement schedule
Internal schedules
Fixed interval schedule
Variable interval schedule
Fixed ratio schedule
Variable ratio schedule
New Understandings of Operant Conditioning
Latent learning
Cognitive map
Overjustification effect
Biologically predisposed
Albert Bandura and Observational Learning
Observational learning
Model
Modeling
Albert Bandura
Vicarious learning
Observational Learning in Everyday Life
Antisocial behaviors
Prosocial behaviors
Observational Learning of Violence From the Media
Ch. 8 Module 18, 19
The Information Processing Model
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
Automatic processing
Effortful processing
Rehearsal
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Overlearning
Serial position effect
Primacy effect
Recency effect
Spacing effect
Distributed rehearsal
Massed rehearsal
Semantic encoding
Self-reference effect
Mnemonic devices
Method of loci
Peg-Word system
Chunking
Storage
Sensory memory
Working memory
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
Long-term memory
Flashbulb memory
Long-term potentiation
Explicit memory
Implicit memory
Hippocampus
Cerebellum
Retrieval
Recall
Recognition
Context effect
Primed
Retrieval cue
Context effect
State-dependent memory
Mood-congruent memory
Introduction to Forgetting and Memory Construction
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Forgetting as Encoding Failure
Forgetting as Storage Failure
Hermann Ebbinghaus
The forgetting curve
Permastore memory
Forgetting as Retrieval Failure
Interference
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Motivated forgetting
Sigmund Freud
Repression
Memory Construction
Elizabeth Loftus
Misinformation effect
Recovered memories
Ch. 9 Module 20,21,22
Introduction
Consciousness
Body Rhythms
Pseudoscientific claim
Biological rhythms
Circadian rhythms
Ultradian rhythms
Infradian rhythms
Sleep and Sleep Deficit
William Dement
Why We Sleep
Hypothalamus
Melatonin
Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Stage 1 sleep
Alpha waves
Stage 2 sleep
Spindles
Stage 3 sleep
Delta waves
Stage 4 sleep
Delta sleep
N-REM sleep
REM sleep
Paradoxical sleep
Activation-synthesis
Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems
Insomnia
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
Somnambulism (sleepwalking)
Night terrors
Bruxism
Enuresis
Myoclonus
What Is Hypnosis?
Hypnosis
Social influence theory
Divided consciousness theory
Ernest Hilgard
Hidden observer
Hypnotic Techniques
Hypnotic induction
Hypnotizability
Posthypnotic suggestion
Posthypnotic amnesia
Applications of Hypnosis
Placebo effect
Age regression
Psychoactivity and Dependence
Psychoactive drugs
Altered state of consciousness
Dependence
Addiction
Withdrawal
Tolerance
Drugs and Neurotransmitters
Neuron
Central nervous system (CNS)
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmitters
Synapse
Receptor site
Reabsorption
Blinding with receptors
Blocking receptor sites
Blocking neurotransmitter reabsorption
Drug Classifications
Depressants
Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) (ethanol)
Blood alcohol content
Metabolizing
Sedatives
Tranquilizer
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Opiates
Morphine
Heroin
Codeine
Endorphins
Runner’s high
Stimulants
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Crack
Amphetamines
Speed
Uppers
Methamphetamine (crystal, crank)
Adrenaline
Ice
Hallucinogens
Psychedelics
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Marijuana
Cannabis sativa
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)
Prevention
Ch. 10 Module 23, 24
Introduction
Cognitive abilities
Thinking
Concept
Prototype
Concept hierarchies
Problem solving
Algorithm
Heuristics
Insight
Mental set
Fixation
Functional fixedness
Confirmation bias
Amos Tversky
Daniel Kahneman
Availability heuristic
Overconfidence
Framing
Belief perseverance
Language
Language
Phoneme
Morpheme
Grammar
Noam Chomsky
B. F. Skinner
Babbling
One-word stage
Two-word stage
Overgeneralization
Thinking and Language Together
Benjamin Whorf
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Image
The Nature of Intelligence
Intelligence
Multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner
Verbal-linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Visual-spatial
Musical-rhythmic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Robert Sternberg
Analytic intelligence
Creative intelligence
Practical intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Charles Spearman
General intelligence
Intelligence Testing
Alfred Binet
Mental age
Chronological age
Lewis Terman
Stafford-Binet Intelligence Test
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ=MA/CA X 100
David Wechsler
Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Verbal ability
Nonverbal ability
Group intelligence tests
Test Construction
Achievement tests
Aptitude tests
Reliability
Test-retest reliability
Split-half reliability
Validity
Scorer reliability
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores