Cell Structure:
Organelles
EQ: What are the essential components of a
cell?
• Cells are everywhere. Even though most cells cannot be
seen with the naked eye, they make up every living
thing.
• Your body contains trillions of cells.
Cells
• Living cells are dynamic and have several things in common:
• 1. They are all the smallest unit that is capable of carrying on life
functions
• 2. They all have a cell membrane surrounding it and are filled with a
jelly-like substance called cytoplasm.
• 3. They all have ribosomes and DNA
Common Cell Traits
Prokaryotic
• An organism that is made
of a single cell
• No nucleus
• They have a cell wall
• Have a tail called
flagellum
• Bacteria, Archea
Cell Types
Eukaryotic
• Have a nucleus, and other
membrane-bound
organelles.
• Anything not considered
bacteria or archea are
eukaryotic
• Plants, animals, Fungi
Cell Types
• Within a eukaryotic
cell, there are structures
called organelles.
• Each organelle has its
own specific job to do.
• Analogy: City
• Organelles are
interdependent
Cell Organelles
• Found only in plant cells
• The outer layer of a plant
cell, it is strong, and
made of cellulose.
• It supports and protects
the plant.
• It allows water and
carbon dioxide to pass in
and out of the cell.
• “Wall of the City”
Cell Wall
• Found in both plant and
animal cells.
• Gives support and
protection to the cell.
• Controls movement of
materials in and out of the
cell.
• Barrier between the cell
and its environment
• Maintains homeostasis
• “Gatekeeper”
Cell Membrane
• Found in both plant and
animal cells
• Not a true organelle
• Jelly-like material found
inside the cell membrane.
• It supports and protects
the organelles.
• Chemical reactions
necessary to cell function
occur here.
• “Ground”
Cytoplasm
• Found in plant cells
• They are fluid-filled
sacs.
• They support the cell
• They store water
• They store digestive
enzymes
• “Storage Tank”
Vacuole
• Found in plants only
• Green, oval, usually
contains chlorophyll.
• Traps energy from the
sun to make food for
the plant
(photosynthesis)
• “Food Producer”
Chloroplast
• Found in both plant
and animal cells
• The control center of
the cell
• Contains the DNA
• “City Hall”
Nucleus
• Found in both plant and
animal cells
• Extending from the nucleus
to the cell membrane, it is a
series of folded membranes
• Processes and moves
substances
• Rough ER makes proteins
• Smooth ER make lipids and
break down toxins
• “Transportation Center”
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)
• Found in plant and
animal cells
• Smallest and most
common organelle
• They are small bodies
that are either free
floating or attached to
the ER
• Make proteins
• “Assembly Line”
Ribosomes
• Found in both plant and
animal cells
• Bean-shaped with inner
membranes
• Breaks down sugar
molecules
• The broken down sugars
are use for cellular
respiration
• Results in ATP (energy)
• “Power Plant”
Mitochondria
• Found mainly in animal
cells.
• Small, round and
membrane-bound
• Protects the cell from
foreign invaders
• Destroy worn out
organelles
• Gets rid of the waste
• “Sewer System”
Lysosome
• Found in plant and
animal cells.
• Packages and
distributes proteins
and other materials
out of the cell
• “Packaging Factory”
• Vesicles: “Packages”
Golgi Complex
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8
CELL STRUCTURE
MICROSCOPE LAB
EQ: What are the essential components of a
cell?
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Microscope
2 glass slides
2 cover slips
Iodine stain
Blue stain
Eye droppers
An onion
A plastic knife
Paper plate
A toothpick
A cup of water
Paper towels
Lab sheet (per person)
Materials
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Turn on and set up your microscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGBgABLEV4g
Peel a piece of onion as described on the lab sheet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrX3h-AflZI
Place the piece of onion on a glass slide, and add a drop or two
of the IODINE solution. Use your best wet-mount technique
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43BvqjpgLjY
Observe the onion cell under both high and low power
Make a drawing of one onion cell, labeling the parts as you
observe them
Complete the Plant Cell Coloring diagram along with the
analysis questions on the back
Procedures --- Onion Cell
Plant Cell
• Turn on the microscope
• Place 1-2 drops of water in the center of a glass slide
• Have one person gently scrape the inside lining of their cheek as
described on the lab sheet.
• Transfer the cheek cells to the slide by tapping the toothpick gently.
Some cheek cells should fall onto the slide.
• Using your best wet mount technique, add a drop of blue food
coloring to the slide and cover with a cover slip.
• Observe the cheek cells under both low and high power.
• Draw a diagram of one cheek cell and label the parts
• Complete the questions on the lab sheet
• Complete the Animal Cell Coloring diagram as well as the analysis
questions at the bottom of the page
Procedures --- Cheek Cell
Animal Cell
The Organization
of Living Things
EQ: How are cells organized to make up
organisms, and how are organisms classified?
In some ways, cells are
like machines…
Each organelle is
specialized, just as parts
are specialized in a
machine…..
• Some organisms exist as a single cell.
• Other organisms have many --- even trillions of cells
• Most cells are smaller than the period at the end of a
sentence in your Science book.
• Yet, every cell in every organism performs all the
processes (transportation, protein production, waste
disposal, etc) of life.
• ARE THERE ANY ADVANTAGES TO BEING
MULTICELLUAR????
• T-P-S
But while most machines
have many parts….
• “Multi” means
“many”
• We are multicellular
• Multicellular
organisms grow by
making new cells, not
by making their cells
larger.
YES!!!! There are many benefits
of being multicellular!
• While many
multicellular organisms
are small, they are
larger than single-celled
organisms
• Larger organisms
usually have fewer
predators.
• Larger predators can eat
a wider variety of prey
Larger Size
• The life span of a
multicellular
organism is not
limited to the life span
of any single cell
• One cell = dead when
cell dies
• Multicells = longer
life
Longer Life
• Each type of cell has
a particular job.
• This specialization
makes the organism
more efficient.
• Cardiac muscle cells
Specialization of Cells
• All the parts of a multicellular organism can
come together and work
as a whole to be greater
than the some of the
parts.
• This allows a multicellular organism to
complete much more
complicated tasks and be
much more efficient at
completing simpler tasks.
More Complex
The Organization
of Life
EQ: How are cells organized to make up
organisms, and how are organisms classified?
• As you know,
organelles make up
cells
• T-P-S organelles of
plant/animal cells
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Vacuole
• Lysosomes
Organelles Make Up Cells
• And in turn, groups of cells
make up tissues.
• Animals have 4 types of tissue:
• Muscle – movement, moves
blood, food and waste through
body, responsible for
mechanical digestion
• Connective – protects and
supports organs, stores
nutrients, protects joints and
muscles,
• Nervous – brain, spinal cord,
nerves
• Epithelial – protects (skin),
filters (kidneys), absorbs (gut),
secretes (forms glands)
Cells Make Up Tissues
• Plants have three basic
types of tissues:
• Transport (Vascular)
tissue: move water and
nutrients
• Protective (Dermal)
tissue: helps plant retain
water and protects
• Ground tissue:
photosynthesis
Cells Make Up Tissues
• A structure made up
of two or more tissues
working together to
perform a specific job
is called an organ.
• T-P-S organs in your
body
Tissues Make Up Organs
• Your heart is an organ
• Mostly made of muscle
tissue , but also
contains nerve tissues
and the tissues of your
blood vessels.
• They all work together
to make your heart
pump blood through
your body
Tissues Make Up Organs
• Your stomach is also an organ
• Muscle tissue makes food
move in and through your
stomach.
• Special tissues make the
chemicals that digest your
food.
• Connective tissues hold your
stomach together
• Nerve tissues carry the
message to your brain to signal
hunger or “fullness”.
Tissues Make Up Organs
Animals
Plants
• Intestines
• Stems
• Brain
• Roots
• Lungs
• Leaves
Tissues Make Organs
• A group of organs
working together to
perform a particular
function is called an
organ system
• Each organ system has
a specific job to do
• T-P-S organ systems in
your body
• Digestive System:
break down food into
smaller particles
• Stomach
• Intestines
Organs Make Up Systems
• All organ systems
together make up an
organism.
• Anything that can
perform life processes
by itself is an organism.
• Can be one-celled
(unicellular)
• Can be many celled
(multicellular)
Systems Make Up
Organisms
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Organelles make up cells
Cells make up tissues
Tissues make up organs
Organs make up organ systems
Systems make up organisms
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
• OCTOSO
• Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organism
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODfJjMaQmvA
The Organization of Life
• 3 benefits of being multiceullar (with detailed
explanations)
• 2 reasons why your organ systems are interdependent
• 1 Prediction of what would happen if any step of
OCTOSO was out of order or skipped and why
3-2-1 Summary
Structure
Function
• The arrangement of parts
in an organism
• The shape of the part
• Materials the part is made
of
• Lungs: large, spongy sac
• The job that part does
• Lungs: bring air to the
body
Structure and Function