Warm UP

Identify the following topics in your own
words
– Drive Reduction Theory
– Optimal Arousal
– Hypothalamus
– Leptin
– Set Point
– Alfred Kinsey
– Extrinsic Motivation
– Industrial Psychology
– Theory x
Chapter 13 Emotion pt. 1: Facial
Expressions and Theories of Emotions
Emotion is Multifaceted
 Emotion
refers to the mix
of:
1. Physiological Arousal
2. Expressive Behaviors
(how you react to the
physiological arousal)
3. Conscious Experience
(how you cognitively
interpret environment)
 No
Facial Expressions Are
Universal
matter what part of the world you are
from, facial expressions indicating 6 basic
emotions tend to be universal.
Facial Expressions Are
Universal
The six universal emotions are:
1. Happiness
2. Anger
3. Surprise
4. Sadness
5. Fear
6. Disgust

Context Affects Interpretation
of Facial Expressions
 Because
of the
context, many
interpret the
bottom monster
as fearful while
seeing the top
monster as angry
even though they
have the same
Cultural Differences In Emotion
Expression
 Although
the facial language is universal
worldwide, cultures differ in how much
emotion they express.
 Western cultures like North America
often have intense, prolonged emotional
displays while some Eastern cultures like
Japan often hide their emotions,
especially when the emotion is negative.
 Why?
Effects of Facial Expressions
 Do
we smile because we
are happy, or are we happy
because we smile?
 There is an interplay
between the emotion and
our expression of it. The
muscle contractions
associated with emotions
tend to amplify that
emotion.Facial Expression
Exercise
 The
Theories of Emotion
theories of emotion deal with the
interplay between your experience of the
emotion and your body’s physiological
response, looks to answer questions like:
 Does
your heart pound because
you are afraid...or are you afraid
because you feel your heart
pounding?
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
 The
James-Lange theory would argue you
feel fear because your heart is pounding.
 The James-Lange theory argues that our
experience of emotion is our awareness of
our physiological responses to emotionarousing stimuli.
James-Lange Theory of
Emotion
?
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Cannon-Bard Theory Of
Emotion
 Cannon
and Bard would NOT argue that
feeling of fear causes your heart to pound
NOR that your heart pounding causes the
feeling of fear; they believe each occur
simultaneously.
 Cannon-Bard Theory: theory that an
emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously
triggers physiological responses AND the
subjective experience of emotion.
Cannon-Bard Theory of
Emotion
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Fear
(emotion)
Applying the Theories
 Assuming
someone had an injury in which
they were unable to feel any bodily
sensations, how would this affect
emotional responses according to the two
theories?
Schacter’s Two Factor Theory
of Emotion Brings Cognition In
Schacter criticized the Cannon-Bard
theory by arguing that we don’t
automatically know when we are happy,
angry, jealous, etc. We use situational
cues to label our physical arousal.
 Schacter Two Factor Theory: argues that
to experience an emotion one must be
physically aroused AND we must
cognitively label the arousal.
 CONTEXT MATTERS!!

Schacter’s Two Factor Theory
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Fear
(emotion)
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Must Cognition Precede all Emotions?
 Because
some
pathways, especially
ones involving
amygdala (fear),
bypass cortical areas
involved in thinking.
 But certain likes,
dislikes, and fears
do ignore conscious
thinking.
Two Routes to Emotion
Physiological
activation
Appraisal
Emotional
response
Event
Expressive
behavior
Subjective
experience
Two Dimensions of Emotion Are
Valence and Arousal
1. Valence refers to the level of
pleasantness of the emotion.
2. Arousal refers to how much the
emotion physically activates the body.
 Different levels of valence and arousal
lead to different levels of emotion.
 Cognitive interpretations also effect how
these dimensions work.
Two Dimensions of Emotion
Positive
valence
pleasant
relaxation
joy
Low
arousal
High
arousal
fear
anger
sadness
Negative
valence
Final Emotion Application 5 Points
 Christine is holding her 8 month-old baby
when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere
and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s
face. Christine immediately ducks for
cover to protect the baby, screams at the
dog, then notices that her heart is
banging and that she’s broken out in a
cold sweat.
 How would the James-Lange,
Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor
Theories explain Christine’s reaction?