Reformation
Missions
1500 to 1800
Part 2
For several hundred years people had
attempted to reform the Church, but every
attempt was met with persecution and
repression until the love for the Truth
compelled men to heroic action
1
First Awakening (1730-40’s)
 A colleague of Wesley’s, Anglican George Whitefield’s preaching
Whitefield
attracted large and emotional crowds everywhere resulting in numerous
conversions.
 Criticized for his “enthusiasm,” extemporaneous and itinerant preaching
everyday of the week for months, traveling on horse from New York to
Charleston, SC
 His moderate Calvinistic preaching would end, “Come, poor, undone, lost
sinner, come just as you are to Christ.”
 Jonathan Edwards followed his preaching style in “Sinners in the Hands of an
Angry God” – His alignment with Whitefield cost him his pastorate.
 Benjamin Franklin admired Whitefield and published 45 of his sermons in
his popular Gazette.
 The evangelical movement helped form the democratic concepts of the
American Revolution to follow.
 Young Whitefield-like Baptist preachers were arrested in Anglican Virginia
before the Revolution defended by a lawyer James Madison, who would
become the 4th President of the new Republic.
2
2nd Awakening (1790-1840)
Charles Finney
1772-1875
Methodist Camp meetings 1839
 Revivals led to Restorationism (primitive Christianity goal), including
revelations, visions, prophecy, emotional manifestations.
 Seedbed of Mormonism (Church of Latter Day Saints), Seventh Day
Adventism, Church of Christ and Christian Church in East
 In West, Methodists and Baptists exploded
 Appalachian region birth the camp meetings, where meetings would
last several days or weeks.
 Highly emotional power, with emphasis on personal sins, need of
personal conversion and evangelism.
 Larger revivals seen as means to building up and multiplying churches
 Social causes mixed with spiritual priorities (prison reform, abolitionism
and temperance) would dissipate 3the evangelistic thrusts.
David Brainerd (1718-1747)
David Brainerd among
Kaunaumeek indians
 Expelled from Yale for criticizing the “sedateness” of his clergymen faculty
 Commissioned by Scottish mission to reach Indians of NY and PA,
especially the Kaunaumeek and Susquehanna Indians
 Wrote a diary of his discouragements, disillusionments, and persistence in
spite of battling tuberculosis
 He would eventually establish an American-like Protestant church among
the Indians
 His ill health forced him to recuperate in the home of Jonathan Edwards,
whose daughter, Jerusha, he hoped to marry. He died 4 months later, then
Jerusha died of the same disease.
 For the next 250 years most missionaries testify to have been impacted by
Brainerd’s diary
4
William Carey
 Raised in a small village, from a weaver’s family
 Converted at 18, left the Anglican Church for the Particular Baptists.
 He walked 5 miles each way to attend Bible studies
 Two years later he became a schoolmaster, and shoe cobbler, then one
year later a bi-vocational Baptist pastor
 He committed himself to missions after reading Last Voyage of Captain
Cook, who described the vast pagans.
 At 21 Carey mastered Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Italian, and was turning
to Dutch and French, all while repairing shoes.
 After making a globe out of leather, while meditating on the people
represented: "If it be the duty of all men to believe the Gospel ... then it
be the duty of those who are entrusted with the Gospel to endeavor to
make it known among all nations." And Carey sobbed out, "Here am I;
send me!” -- to be continued in the next section…
5
Third Awakening (1850-1900s)
 After the Civil War, multiple revivals began, especially the
South
 Evangelist Dwight L. Moody (1837-1899) built the largest
Sunday School , then led large and lengthy campaigns in
England and Scotland
 This would start a series of city-wide crusades that would
continue for 100 years by different evangelists
 Hudson Taylor challenged him to take responsibility for
world evangelism, which was the major purpose of
founding Moody Bible Institute
6
Baptist Church
Andrew Fuller
helped found Baptist
Missionary Society
 John Smyth and Thomas Helwys fled England to Amsterdam
to avoid being burnt at the stake
 Met Menno Simon, convinced of water baptism of adult
believers, they formed first Baptist Church in 1609
 In 1612 Helwys returned to England to start the General
Baptists
 Belief in a general atonement—hold that Christ’s death made
salvation available for any person who voluntarily exercised
faith in Christ (Ariminian or Amyraldianism), but could fall from
grace
 Spread slowly but never were significant as the Calvinistic
Baptists
7
Baptist Church
 Particular (or Calvinistic) Baptists
 Christ died for particular individuals (limited to the elect)
 Early Particulars had open communion and open
memberships (except John Bunyan)
 Grace Baptists are exclusive.
 Tended toward HYPERCALVINISM where God saves without
human intervention
 Fuller taught that Christ died for all men and our duty was to
tell them: Carey was a disciple
 The Baptist Union (of Particular and General Baptist) formed
in 1792, then became open in 1813.
8
John Elliot (16041690)
 Born in England, graduate of Oxford, became a Puritan, went to
New England in 1631.
 In 1641, he followed a burden for the Algonquian Indians and
began through an interpreter… learned their language and was
preaching in Algonquian in 1 year.
 By 1654 he prepared a catechism (discipleship) and by 1658 he
had translated the New Testament – THE FIRST BIBLE PRINTED
IN NORTH AMERICA.
 Elliot extracted Indian believers who lived in “Praying Villages”
 14 villages were established with thousands of Indians
 First Indian pastor ordained in Natick, MA in 1681
 All but 4 villages were destroyed in the King Philips War in 1675 –
King Philips was an Indian leader committed to driving the English
out of Americas
9
Pietists
August Herman
Francke 1663-1727
Philipp Jakob Spener
(1635-1705)
 A reform movement within the dying Lutheran Church in the late 17th
century
 Inspired by the writings of Phillip Jakob Spener, August Herman Franke,
 Pietism stressed practice over doctrine, spirit over form, a thorough-going
spiritual rebirth of the individual and that religious faith is something to be
lived out in service to others.
 Pietists were extremely skeptical of theological scholasticism
 Radical Pietists such as the Moravians, the German Baptists (Church of the
Brethren), and Inspirationists (Amana Colonies/Church Society) are
expressions of its institutional forms.
 Peaked by the 1750s, then continued to influence revival movements in
America including Methodism, the United Brethren, the Evangelical
Association and the Brethren
10
Count von Zinzendorf (17001762)
 Raised as a Pietists, studied law at Wittenberg for diplomatic service
 Bought his grandmother’s estate
Germany
 He sought by preaching, by tract and book distribution and by
practical benevolence might awaken the somewhat torpid religion of
the Lutheran Church.
 Gave asylum to some Bohemian or Moravian Brethren from various
groups to build a village of Herrnhut
 Persecution had made them fanatical and inflexible regarding their
creed and form of worship, making them fight one another
 His organization was a Family Community– not individual families– as
a commitment to unity and purpose
 Thanks to his relationships to the court of Denmark enabled the
transporting of evangelical missionaries to Dutch colonies, prohibited
on Spanish/Portuguese ships.
11
Location of
estate
Moravians
 Jan Hus, professor at Prague University, taught the Bible as the only
authority, and the Church should renounce secular powers and extensive
properties, and return to the biblical ideals of the Church.
 His criticism of selling indulgences and other abuses worsened the
reputation of the Czech nation, so the Pope declared an interdict on
Prague, soon condemned and burnt in 1415
 Five years later his followers formed a new Town called Tabor in 1420 to
realize the ideal society on 4 principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Freedom to spread the Word of God
Receive the consecrated bread and wine at mass (sub utraque specie)
Ban on secular power for priests
Punishment of mortal sins

Followers formed the Bohemian Brethren, persecuted so fled to
Herrnhut and there started the Moravian Church

Became the first large scale Protestant
missionary movement
12
Moravians and John Wesley
Wesley’s
house
 En route to Americas, 1736, Wesley observed German Moravians
serving others and calmly facing threatening storms
 Attitude of service, Wesley wrote: “it was good for their proud hearts,” and
“their loving Savior had done more for them.”
 Wesley’s Diary:“My brother,” said Spangenberg, “I must first ask you
one or two questions. Have you the witness within yourself? Does the
Spirit of God bear witness with you that you are a child of God?” John
Wesley was dumb. “Do you know Jesus Christ?” asked Spangenberg. “I
know,” replied Wesley, “that He is the Savior of the world.” “Do you
know,” pursued Spangenberg, pressing the question further home, “that
He has saved you?” “I hope He has died to save me,” stammered Wesley.
“Do you know yourself?” persisted Spangenberg, who was not content
with skin-deep work. “I do,” replied Wesley, “but,” says he, “I fear they
were vain words.” For a time he stumbled on as dazed as ever.
13
Moravians and John Wesley
 “I went to America to convert the Indians,” he wrote, bitterly, in his
Journal, when he returned to England; “but oh, who shall convert me? I have
a fair summer religion. I can talk well; nay, and I believe myself, when no
danger is near. But let death look me in the face, and my spirit is troubled.
Nor can I say, ‘to die is gain.’
 “I have a sort of fear that when I have spun my last thread I shall perish on
the shore. I have learned…that I who went to America to convert others was
not converted myself.”
 John Wesley later met Peter Boehler, a Moravian, who helped him further,
saying

“My brother, my brother, that philosophy of yours must be purged
away.” When John Wesley complained, “Ah, how can I preach the faith which
I have not got?” Peter Boehler answered, “Preach faith till you have it, and
then, because you have it, you will preach it.”
 Eventually Wesley got the faith at Altersgate in a Moravian church, then
went to Herrnhut to study, then returned to England to make disciples.
14
First Awakening (1730-40’s)
 A colleague of Wesley’s, Anglican George Whitefield’s preaching
Whitefield
attracted large and emotional crowds everywhere resulting in numerous
conversions.
 Criticized for his “enthusiasm,” extemporaneous and itinerant preaching
everyday of the week for months, traveling on horse from New York to
Charleston, SC
 His moderate Calvinistic preaching would end, “Come, poor, undone, lost
sinner, come just as you are to Christ.”
 Jonathan Edwards followed his preaching style in “Sinners in the Hands of an
Angry God” – His alignment with Whitefield cost him his pastorate.
 Benjamin Franklin admired Whitefield and published 45 of his sermons in
his popular Gazette.
 The evangelical movement helped form the democratic concepts of the
American Revolution to follow.
 Young Whitefield-like Baptist preachers were arrested in Anglican Virginia
before the Revolution defended by a lawyer James Madison, who would
become the 4th President of the new Republic.
15
2nd Awakening (1790Charles Finney
1772-1875
1840)
Methodist Camp meetings 1839
 Revivals led to Restorationism (primitive Christianity goal), including
revelations, visions, prophecy, emotional manifestations.
 Seedbed of Mormonism (Church of Latter Day Saints), Seventh Day
Adventism, Church of Christ and Christian Church in East
 In West, Methodists and Baptists exploded
 Appalachian region birth the camp meetings, where meetings would
last several days or weeks.
 Highly emotional power, with emphasis on personal sins, need of
personal conversion and evangelism.
 Larger revivals seen as means to building up and multiplying churches
 Social causes mixed with spiritual priorities (prison reform, abolitionism
and temperance) would dissipate16the evangelistic thrusts.
David Brainerd (17181747)
David Brainerd among
Kaunaumeek indians
 Expelled from Yale for criticizing the “sedateness” of his clergymen faculty
 Commissioned by Scottish mission to reach Indians of NY and PA,
especially the Kaunaumeek and Susquehanna Indians
 Wrote a diary of his discouragements, disillusionments, and persistence in
spite of battling tuberculosis
 He would eventually establish an American-like Protestant church among
the Indians
 His ill health forced him to recuperate in the home of Jonathan Edwards,
whose daughter, Jerusha, he hoped to marry. He died 4 months later, then
Jerusha died of the same disease.
 For the next 250 years most missionaries testify to have been impacted by
Brainerd’s diary
17
William Carey
 Raised in a small village, from a weaver’s family
 Converted at 18, left the Anglican Church for the Particular Baptists.
 He walked 5 miles each way to attend Bible studies
 Two years later he became a schoolmaster, and shoe cobbler, then one
year later a bi-vocational Baptist pastor
 He committed himself to missions after reading Last Voyage of Captain
Cook, who described the vast pagans.
 At 21 Carey mastered Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Italian, and was turning
to Dutch and French, all while repairing shoes.
 After making a globe out of leather, while meditating on the people
represented: "If it be the duty of all men to believe the Gospel ... then it
be the duty of those who are entrusted with the Gospel to endeavor to
make it known among all nations." And Carey sobbed out, "Here am I;
send me!” -- to be continued in the next section…
18
Third Awakening (1850-1900s)
 After the Civil War, multiple revivals began, especially the
South
 Evangelist Dwight L. Moody (1837-1899) built the largest
Sunday School , then led large and lengthy campaigns in
England and Scotland
 This would start a series of city-wide crusades that would
continue for 100 years by different evangelists
 Hudson Taylor challenged him to take responsibility for
world evangelism, which was the major purpose of
founding Moody Bible Institute
19