Carbon!!! chapter 25!!
why is carbon so cool - it has a lot to do with the valance electrons
and their
oh so cool arrangement. because there are four, it leaves a lot of
room
http://www.worldofmolecules.com/interactive_molecules/diamond.
for bonding
with other elements, in a wide variety of ways.
htm
organic- means carbon based,used to mean "living " sugars, proteins,
fats and DNA are the 4 organic molecules, all carbon based
Allotropes of carbon- distinct different forms of the same element.
1st allotrop diamond- all carbons bonded to 4 others, very strong
tetrahedral shape, hardest natural substance on earth. used to cut
other substances as well as for asthetic purposes
2nd - graphite- carbon in layers or sheets- seperates easily, soft,
good for reducing friction ( wheels/tires model cars) or in pencils,
loosen locks
3rd amorphous carbon- has no particular shape. this is what
happens when carbon based products decompose. charcoal,
soot, are types amorphous carbon. 2 other types are bone
black, which is the left overs of burned animal bones, which is
used to pigment and refine sugars, and coke which is
decomposed coal, and is used to convert to graphite and put
into batteries etc.
4th fullerenes- buckminster fullerenes or bucky balls. these are
spherical carbon structures that occur naturally in soot, and
have recently been found to attack enzymes in the AIDS virus.
to date we dont' have a lot of actual use for the original
fullerene,
but the
shape 2
has
an arcitectual building
check
out section
for become
organic/inorganic
standard.
( see Epcot)
comparisions
carbon is one of few elements that can
make long chains, it has short, strong
covalent bonds bonds easily with many
other chemicals
required for this kind of building, makes it
great at long straight or branched chains!!
almost every organic carbon chain- from
dna to proteins to hormones can be
created synthetically. useful for meds.
also create whole tons of inorganic
carbons including plastics, styrofoam,
DDT, Kevlar, etc!!!!
O
O
N
O
O
H
C
C
H
H
N
H
C
H
H
H
C
N
H
C
O
C
C
C
H
H
O
H
H
charactoricstics
organic hydrocarbons
inorganic C
nonsoluable in water
soluable in water
low melting and boiling point
boiling
decompose when heated
verysugars.
hot fats, grease,
kerosene, gasoline etc
react with oxygen to combust!!!
high melting and
have to get very
CaCO3, Carbon
dioxide
don't combust
hydrocarbon!!!
molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen- these
are very nonpolar, strong molecules
nonpolar means they don't dissolve in water, they don't
conduct electricity , boil and melt at low temps.
Examples include all fossil fuels, like oil, gasoline, etc.
this is what most hydrocarbons are, as a matter of fact,
they are very very common and are even more
common on other planets!!!
form in many ways, chains, and multiple bonds. we
have system for writing them that describes all this
and makes it easy to distinguish shape from name!
keep in mindmolecular formulathe chem. formula with symbols and numbers C2H6
H H
structural formula- all drawn out
H - C - C -HEthane
H H
condensed structural formula, somewhere in the middle with
groups put together !
CH3CH3
letal formula- drawing where point represent carbons, great f
isomers
Ske
Hydrocarbons- when talking about them in general, we
call them alkanes if they are all single bonded, alkenes
if they have double bonds, and alkynes if they have
triple bonds.
, can be single , double or triple bonded
ane endings - single
ene endings - double bonds
yne are triple bonds.
( saturated means they are all single bonds, saturated
with hydrogen, unsaturated means there are dbl or trpl
bonds)
other than that # of carbons
meth-1
hex-6
eth-2
hept-7
prop-3
oct-8
but-4
non-9
pent-5
dec-10
CH32
You try some!!!
Take the monomers at the side and
create the molecules below!
1, Pentene
methane
2 nonyne
2,4, octene
butane
hexene
H H H
-C-C-C-H
H H HH
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H
H
H
H-C-H H H H
H -C-C-C-H
H HH
H
H
-C- H-C-H
H
H
H
H
H
H-C-H -C- H-C-H
H
H
H
H
H-C-H
H
now you can also branch the carbon, they bend and reshape
in all sorts of ways, you have to start being careful cause they
will bend and can still go from either end and you need to
count to see what is your longest chain.
The longest chain will get the same name as before- propane,
hexene, whatever. the branch gets a prefix that ends yl, with
a number telling you where it comes from
-c2 methy hexane c-c-c-c-c-c
HH H H
3 proply nonane
C-H
C-CH HCH H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-
structural formulas for same look like thisHHHHHH
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH3
HHH
and CH3CH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)(CH2) 4CH3
Now you try some!!!
build a 2 methyl butane
or a 4 proply octane
cyclopentene
3 methyl 1,4 cyclohexene
H H H
-C-C-C-H
H HH
or label these!!!
H H H
-C-C-C-H
H HH
H H H
-C-C-C-H
H HH
H
-CH
isomers have the same molecular formula, different structural
formulas,
and may have different properties. cyclo compounds are one
large example of this
butane
isobutane
C4H10
pentane
isopentane
Practice Problem 2:
The following structures all have the same molecular formula: C8H18. Which
2 of these structures represent the same molecule?
where do you see these things?
fossil fuels- all the stuff made of the condenced decomposed carbon produc
that become petroleum products!!
for instance, fossil fuels like gasoline, kerosene, petroleum, natural gas
also petroleum jelly, etc
these are all very nonpolar, low density, low boiling and melting point, dont'
dissolve in water
don't conduct electricity.
more common on other planets even then on earth!!
one to know- benzene!!! a cylco hexene with dbl bonds at 1,3, and 5!!!
also good to know that cyclopentanes and hexanes are the basis for sugars
your body, as well as fats!!
all saccarides, and fatty acids have cyclo hydrocarbons as their base!!!
Polymers!!!
large organic moleucles with repeating sets. the set itself is called a
monomer
can be natural like silk, or synthetic like polyester ( hear that, poly means
many, the ester is the monomer
glucose is a monomer, it makes the polysaccarides in your body!
aminoacids are monomers stuck together to make proteins that run your
whole system!
some important uses of polymers
nylon! not just for pantyhose, how about parachutes in WWII
silk, cotton, polyester, kevlar, plastic, teflon, lycra
halocarbon
cl, f, br, I
industrial solvents,
aerosal propellents
antiseptic, groups
gasoline
chapter 26C-OH
functional
alcohol
additives, antibacterial,
polar
ether
R-O-R
used as anesthetic,
organic solvent,
pollution reducer in
gasoline
aldehyde
C=O on
end
formaldehyde
perservative otherwise
good smells of perfumes
and candy, vanilla,
cinnamon
Ketone
RC=OR
acetone, solvent- hot
chocolate other good
fragrences
carboxylic acid
RC=O
OH
natural acids in walnuts,
rasberries, apples,
acetic acid, formic acid
of ant bites
esters
COOC
smells of fruits,
pineapple, banana,
oranges, wintergreen
amine
CNH2
amide
CONH2
halocarbons
the first functional group you can add to
hydrocarbons
halogen is F, Cl, Br, I, At on a hydrocarbon ( like a branch)
they give the H.C good solvent properties, and they make
great proppellents
name them like we name branches.
Ch3Ch2ChFCh2Ch2Ch3
3 flouro hexane
alcohols
have an OH. can be on end, in middle, or part of a branch
alcohols have lower boiling point than water, higher than
hydrocarbons. great solvents, disinfectants, gasoline additives (
combustible)
naming-
methanol, ethanol if on end - called primary
2 propanol or 3 hexanol if in middle, name
like a branch- secondary
3 methyl 3 heptanol, would be tertiary. ( not as
common)
amines and amides
both contain nitrogen!
amines are a NH2 group on the end, name by adding "amine"
CH3CH2CH2NH2
propanamine
charactoristics of amines- these nitrogen based compounds are found in polymers
like nylon as well amino acids and DNA. lots of vitamins and anesthetic drugs.
also nicotine, cocaine and methanphedimines are all amines.
also because amines are amino acids that make up proteins also provide the smell of rotting
flesh ( yuck) called ptomaine, cause food poisioning.
amides these are NH2 and a double bonded Oxygen .
name root carbon group and add the word amide to it.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CONH2
make the peptide bonds of proteins,
hexanamide