Alexandria Digital Library Project
ALEXANDRIA DIGITAL LIBRARY
PROJECT
Larry Carver  James Frew  Greg Janée
Mike Goodchild  Linda Hill  Terry Smith
www.alexandria.ucsb.edu
Alexandria Digital Library Project
Outline

Alexandria Digital Library Project (ADLP)
 History
 Goals, activities, partners

Distributed DL supporting georeferenced access
 Research and development issues
 Operational collections and services

Knowledge organization systems (KOS)
 Gazetteers and related KOS

ADEPT learning environment
 Concept-based learning spaces
 Collections and services
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADLP History




Pre-1994: UCSB geo-information and map library
1994-98 DLI-1: georeferenced collections/access
1998-99: Operational ADL (UCSB Library/CDL)
1999-2004 DLI-2: distributed DL






Extension of architecture and access services
Knowledge organization services
Integration of learning services
Geo/GIS-based interfaces
Basic CS research
2004-2008: Large-scale DLs and beyond
 NSDL Core Infrastructure and services
 Cyber Infrastructure
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADLP Goals

Current goals: Distributed DLs and applications
 Operational distributed digital library
– services for construction/use of georeferenced collections
– DL federation and interoperation
– scalability over many heterogeneous collections
 Development/integration of KOS services
 Integration of concept-based learning spaces
– services for creating/using learning environments
 Development of geo-based interfaces
 Evaluation of services
 Basic computational science research

Emerging goals: Large-scale DLs and beyond
 Extending NSDL Core Infrastructure and services
 Cyber Infrastructure
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADLP Major Collaborative Activities

1994-98
 4 DLI-1 partners: CMU, Illinois, Stanford, UCB
 SDSC, U.Arizona, US Navy, NIMA, LoC, MSFT, ESRI,…

1999-2004
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UCSB Library, CDL
DLI-2 partners: UCLA, GT, SDSC/NPACI, Stanford, UCB
DLESE
NSDL CI partners: Cornell, Columbia, U.Mass
NSDL Services partners: IIT Chicago, UCSD
JISC partners: Penn State, Southampton, Leeds
…
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ADLP Activities
Alexandria Digital Library Project
EDUCATIONAL APPLICATIONS
• knowledgebase and lecture composing,
visualization, and presentation tools
• physical geography concept space and
learning object collections
• applications to undergraduate education
• educational evaluation
• learning services and DL integration
• digital classrooms
• metadata content standards
• learning objects
• computational models
USER INTERFACES
• reusable user interface components
• contextual maps, footprint creation
• KOS navigation
• lightweight GIS functionality
• Digital Earth visualization
• image processing
• query-by-content, classification
• spatial extent determination
GEOREFERENCED DIGITAL LIBRARIES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
distributed georeferenced DL services
NSDL core infrastructure
data environment (e.g., GIS) integration
hardware acceleration for spatial data
collaborative tools
Z39.50 support
ingest and workflow systems
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION
• gazetteers: research and community
• gazetteer content standard
• web service protocols for gazetteers,
thesauri, and other KOS
• ADL gazetteer
• thesauri for feature and object types
• duplicate detection for gazetteers
• textual-geospatial integration services
OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS
•
•
•
•
georeferenced DL tutorials
distributable software packages
operational libraries: UCSB library, ...
outreach; federated nodes
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Outline

Alexandria Digital Library Project (ADLP)
 History
 Goals, activities, partners

Distributed DL supporting georeferenced access
 Research and development issues
 Operational collections and services

Knowledge organization systems (KOS)
 Gazetteers and related KOS

ADEPT learning environment
 Concept-based learning spaces
 Collections and services
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Goals

Digital library architecture for
geospatial/georeferenced information
 heterogeneous
 rich services
 scalable
– many providers
– collections, large and small

DL infrastructure, not artifact
 standard components and interfaces
 distributed participants
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Issue: discovery

Naïve approach
 I want a map of Boulder
  “Downtown street map of Boulder, Colorado”

But... remote-sensing imagery is nameless
 AVHRR NOAA-13 2002-06-03 14:33 UTC

But... direct placename search is unreliable
 I want a map of the Flatirons in the Rocky Mountains just
behind Boulder, Colorado
  USGS topographic map “Eldorado Springs”
 generally: many names for any given place
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADL approach

Coordinate-based
representation and discovery
 lat/lon coordinates
 rich geometry
client
placenames
– polygons, polylines
 spatial operators
gazetteer
– overlaps, contains

Gazetteer
 content standard defines
representation
 service maps placenames 
coordinates
coordinates
library
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Issue: multiple data types

Geospatial discovery is not amenable to text
treatment
 constitutes new data type

Adding notion of different data types has many
implications:





input validation
internal structures, external representations
query language and processing
ranking
user interface components
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADL approach

Discovery: “bucket framework”
 extensible data type system for metadata
– XML representations, search operations
 native metadata is explicitly mapped to buckets
 software supports bucket views over arbitrary RDBMSs
 9 Dublin Core-like standard buckets

User interface components
 background maps, item footprint identification/creation

Spatial ranking
 by spatial similarity to query region
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Bucket mapping
Originator
FGDC
Citation/Originator
U.S. Geological Survey
USGS DOQ
Producer
Photo Science, Inc.
collection
statistics
field-level
searching
bucket-level
searching
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Collection statistics
Spatial
Temporal
Object Type
Count
cartographic works
324,876
maps
324,876
images
2,014,799
photographs
484,083
aerial photographs 484,083
•
•
•
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADL approach

Discovery: “bucket framework”
 extensible data type system for metadata
– XML representations, search operations
 native metadata is explicitly mapped to buckets
 software supports bucket views over arbitrary RDBMSs
 9 Dublin Core-like standard buckets

User interface components
 background maps, item footprint identification/creation

Spatial ranking
 by spatial similarity to query region
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADL in context
GIS
affordances
ADL
ODL
OAI
Greenstone
DLs
Web
generality • structure
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Issue: scalability

Size
 easy to accumulate lots of data
– satellites image continuously
 geospatial discovery scales... not so well
– indexing unwieldy at 106 items
 efficiently joining spatial, other constraint types is difficult

Burden & management
 collection building is labor-intensive
 providers have differing content, services, IP concerns,
policies, lifetimes
 providers already exist
– MS Terraserver: 3 TB, 750 million items
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADL approach

Distributed library of peer nodes
 library nodes host collections
 other nodes host gazetteers, thesauri, other KOS
 other components, e.g., map servers

Federated item-level search
 over buckets
 over individual metadata fields mapped to buckets

Centralized collection-level search/ranking
 over collection statistics derived from bucket mappings
– space, time, type, format
 any library node can act as collection registry

Collection aggregation
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Issue: context & use of library items

Context is critical in geospatial DLs
 formulating queries
 evaluating result sets and individual results

Use of geospatial data
 need access descriptions
–
–
–
–
“item content  single URL” is insufficient
multiple formats
multiple access methods
multiple components
 need integration with common data environments
– ARC/INFO, etc.
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Geospatial context

Does this answer your question?
Flagstaff Rd.
Flatirons #1-5
Green Mountain
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
ADL approach

All library functionality is accessible via...
 web service APIs
 Java RMI

Content access model
 characterizes methods of access
 multiple “access points”
– download, service, web interface, offline
– hierarchies of alternatives, decompositions

Context
 background maps
 library-supplied lightweight GIS functionality
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Incorporation into NSDL/CI

Geospatial/georeferenced data is an instance of
science data




complex, well-defined structure
rich metadata
large size
poorly served by traditional information retrieval methods

Science data belongs in NSDL

For NSDL: comparable infrastructure enabling...
 distributed, content-specific search services
 association of DL items and content-specific helper tools
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Operational status

ADL co-developed with UCSB Library
 production-quality software
 foundation of operational library since 2000
 complete system in 2003

UCSB Library: Map & Imagery Laboratory (MIL)
 self-supporting, 5 full-time employees
 2.6 million items, 6.5 TB, growing 1.5 TB/year
 4.5 million item gazetteer

Remote sites
 ESSW, CNR, DLESE, SIO, NTNU, AUT
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Outline

Alexandria Digital Library Project (ADLP)
 History
 Goals, activities, partners

Distributed DL supporting georeferenced access
 Research and development issues
 Operational collections and services

Knowledge organization systems (KOS)
 Gazetteers and related KOS

ADEPT learning environment
 Concept-based learning spaces
 Collections and services
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
KOS activities & contributions

KOS as primary components of DL architecture
 Heretofore not acknowledged as a major component
 ADL/ADEPT thesaurus and gazetteer service protocols

Gazetteer components of DLs
 Growth of a research and development community,
adopting/adapting/sharing our ADL Gazetteer components
 Gazetteer research issues
 NSDL Textual Geospatial Integration Project

KOS integration into learning environments
 Terry Smith will address this in detail
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Digital Library Components
Libraries
Collections
SERVICES
ACCESSING
ANALYZING
ARCHIVING
CATALOGING
DIGITIZING
RETRIEVING
SEARCHING
VISUALIZING
DATA STORE
CATALOG
OF
OF
OBJECTS
METADATA
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION SYSTEMS
AUTHORITY FILES
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
CONCEPT SPACES
DICTIONARIES
GAZETTEERS
GLOSSARIES
ONTOLOGIES
SUBJECT HEADING SETS
THESAURI
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
KOS Generalization
Type
Definition
Label
Relationships
Meaning
Sense-making
Navigation
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
Translation
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Digital Gazetteer Essentials
(controlled vocabulary)
•None of these elements are unique identifiers of a particular place
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Building gazetteer research community

1994-1996: ADL built the first multi-million-entry
international gazetteer and integrated it into the
ADL system

1996-1999: ADL created...
 Gazetteer Content Standard
 Feature Type Thesaurus (210 preferred terms; 1046 nonpreferred)
 rebuilt the ADL Gazetteer (over 4 million entries)
 provided web interfaces for searching the ADL Gazetteer
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Building a research community

1999-present
 Digital Gazetteer Information Exchange (DGIE) Workshop,
funded by NSF (66 participants), 1999
 JCDL 2002 workshop on Digital Gazetteers – Integration in
Digital Library Services (38 participants; sponsored by NKOS)
 NAACL 2003 workshop on Analysis of Geographic References
 ADL-hosted discussion list for gazetteer issues; archived by
NSF DLI2 (146 subscribers)
 Set of 5.9 million geographic names available for download –
useful for placename recognition in text
 Gazetteer Service Protocol and protocol server code
 An “external identifier” for ADL Gazetteer records
 New gazetteer client that is based on the gazetteer protocol
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Our network of gazetteer interactions


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Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI) gazetteer project
Academia Sinica’s Taiwan Gazetteer
UK Historical Boundaries project
UK Geo-crosswalk project
 Digital Library for Earth System (DLESE) Education
 Biodiversity research, such as the “Specify” system –
University of Kansas

State projects, such as NY Agricultural History project (in
proposal stage) and Florida statewide gazetteer project
 University of Redlands internship proposal (mini-GIS)
 Bulgarian Antarctic Place-Names Commission

SRI’s Artificial Intelligence Center (spatial reasoning)
 Navy’s SPAWAR Systems Center (natural language process.)
 THREDDS project at UCAR (event gazetteers)
 Illinois Institute of Technology (geoparsing research)

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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Advancing and extending gazetteers
Named Time Periods
World War I ___|_____|___
1914 1918
Named Spatiotemporal Events
Such as Hurricane Hugo
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Advancing and extending gazetteers
What happens when we extend the
digital gazetteer model to anatomy:
named structures in the brain, for
example?
http://www.ohiou.edu/~linguist/l550ex/brainpic.htm
Or to celestial space
and 3-d features?
Credit & Copyright: Sherry Buttnor
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011120.html
Anticline Famennian sandstone, Hastière
http://www.nitg.tno.nl/eng/iccp_tripj.shtml
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Advancing and extending gazetteers
Obtaining extents from image analysis
Santa Barbara Municipal Airport
• Recognizing
patterns
• Identifying features
from gazetteers
• Deriving the extent
of the features from
feature analysis
• Adding bounding
box footprints to
gazetteer entries
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Advancing and extending gazetteers
Lake Bigler, thru 1920s
Lake Bonpland (also Bondland),
thru 1890s
Da-ow-a-ga, thru 1850s
The duplicate detection
problem.
Given variant names and
variant footprints, how
do we determine that
two pieces of information
are about the same
place?
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Advancing and extending gazetteers
Effective and efficient database indexing
techniques for large spatial + text data
collections
From Michael Freeston, New Generic
Indexing Technology
Test database of 2-d shapes in a
geographic area to test the “sufficiency”
of spatial generalizations (e.g., bounding
boxes) for information retrieval based on
spatial similarity (e.g., degree of overlap
or containment)
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Gazetteer ITR Proposal
Advancing and Extending Georeferencing
Interoperability and Services (AEGIS)
 Medium ITR proposal for 2003
 Michael Goodchild, UCSB, PI
 Lewis Lancaster, Berkeley/ECAI, co-PI





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Formalization and extension
Performance and scalability
Cross-cultural issues
Cognitive and behavior issues
Extents: representation of a feature’s geometry
Integration of locator services
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
NSDL Textual Geospatial Integration
2001 - 2003
Goals
Participants
Extend NSDL infrastructure by
enabling
 geographic queries
 across heterogeneous,
text and non-text
resources

spatial georeferencing
 of arbitrary texts without
explicit geographic
cataloging
University of California, Santa
Barbara
 James Frew, PI
 Terence Smith
 Michael Bueno
 Linda Hill
Information Retrieval Lab,
Illinois Institute of Technology
 Ophir Frieder
 David Grossman
 Eric Jensen
 Steve Beitzel
The American Geological Institute (AGI) has permitted us to use a set
of their GeoRef records for system training.
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Example text -> Estimated footprint
Structure and petrography of the schist of Skookum Gulch, Callahan-Yreka
area, eastern Klamath Mountains, Northern California
<key>blueschist | California | Callahan California | foliation | Klamath Mountains |
melange | metamorphic rocks | Ordovician | Paleozoic | petrology | schists | Silurian |
Siskiyou County California | Skookum Gulch | United States | Yreka California</key>
<ab>The schist of Skookum Gulch (SSG) is an informal name applied to a fault-bounded
melange composed mainly of schistose metamorphic rocks and less abundant sedimentary and
igneous rocks located in the eastern Klamath Mountains of Northern California. The SSG
features outcrops of lawsonite+sodic amphibole blueschist and epidote+sodic amphibole
rocks transitional to the greenschist facies. Isotopic dating indicates that the schist
was metamorphosed during the Ordovician. The SSG is the oldest known Paleozoic
blueschist-bearing melange in California and one of the oldest preserved blueschist
terranes in North America. Tonalitic rocks associated with the schist have Early Cambrian
ages and are among the oldest rocks yet dated within the Klamath Mountains. Field
relations indicate that the schist of Skookum Gulch is a complex tectonic melange
composed of metavolcanic, ...</ab>
<coord>N410000N420000W1220000W1230000</coord>
• Derived footprint - small
• Blue: derived footprint – large
• Red: GeoRef footprint
Alexandria Digital Library Project
KOS activities & contributions

KOS as primary components of DL architecture
 Heretofore not acknowledged as a major component
 ADL/ADEPT thesaurus and gazetteer service protocols

Gazetteer components of DLs
 Growth of a research and development community,
adopting/adapting/sharing our ADL Gazetteer components
 Research issues
 NSDL Textual Geospatial Integration Project

KOS integration into learning environments
 Terry Smith will address this in detail
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
40
Alexandria Digital Library Project
Outline

Alexandria Digital Library Project (ADLP)
 History
 Goals, activities, partners

Distributed DL supporting georeferenced access
 Research and development issues
 Operational collections and services

Knowledge organization systems (KOS)
 Gazetteers and related KOS

ADEPT learning environment
 Concept-based learning spaces
 Collections and services
Smith et al • NSF • April 3, 2003
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Applications services based on DLs

Integrate applications with DL infrastructure



Important applications include



Web portals lack library organization
“packages” not integrated with DLs
Services/collections supporting learning environments
Services/collection supporting research
Apply domain-specific KOS principles for organizing
collections/services for given application


Geospatial applications: use georeference
Science learning environments: use concept spaces
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Science learning spaces: Concept KOS

Concepts of science as basic knowledge granules


Sets of concepts form bases for scientific representation
DL and KOS technology can support organization of science
learning materials in terms of concepts
– Collections of models of science concepts (knowledge base)
– Collections of learning objects (LO) cataloged with concepts
– Collections of instructional materials organized by concepts

Organize learning materials as “trajectory through
concept space”


Lecture, lab, self-paced materials
Services for creating/editing/displaying such materials
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Learning environment components/services
Input/Edit Services
Search Services
Concept
Knowledge
Bases
Display Services
Input/Edit Services
Search Services
Input/Edit Services
Search Services
Lecture
Collections
ADEPT
Object
Collections
Display Services
Display Services
ADEPT Search Services
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Application to learning environments

Application


Collections created




Introductory physical geography (F2002, S2003)
Knowledge base (KB) of strongly structured concepts
Structured lectures and labs
Learning objects cataloged by ADN metadata (+ concepts)
Services created

For concepts
–
–

For instructional materials
–
–

Web-based concept input tool
Graphic and text-based display tools
Web-based “lecture composer”
“Conceptualization” graphing tool
For learning objects
–
Metadata input tool
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Learning environment display (lecture mode)

The lecture is presented on three projection screens,
showing the
 Concept window (left)
 Lecture window (center)
 Object window (right)
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Model of science concepts

Representing a concept involves more than terms

Objective, information-rich, scientific representations
– e.g., for concepts of heat diffusion, DNA, drainage basin, …

Associated semantics
– e.g., relating to measurement, recognition,…

Many interrelationships
– e.g., hierarchical, causative, property,…

Models of science concepts



Already exist for chemistry (ASA), materials (NIST),…
Generalize such models for this application
Structure items in concept KB using model
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Model of science concepts










ID
TYPE and FACET
CONTEXT (KNOWLEDGE DOMAIN)
TERM(S) (P/NP)
DESCRIPTION(S)
HISTORICAL ORIGIN(S)
EXAMPLE(S)
HIERARCHICAL RELATIONS
DEFINING OPERATIONS
SCIENTIFIC REPRESENTATION(S)
– Scientific classifications
– Data/Graphical/Mathematical/Computational reps




PROPERTIES
CAUSAL RELATIONS
CO-RELATIONS
APPLICATION(S)
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Item in concept knowledge base
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Concept input tool
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Collections of learning materials

Lecture/lab composer

Creates learning materials with
– Tailorable structure
– Underlying organization as “forest of trees” of concepts

Small reusable granules for
– Easy creation/edit/access/re-use

Can link in
– Concepts from concept KB
– Items from learning object collections
– Items from lecture collection
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Current instructional material window

The left-hand
frame displays
the structure of
the lecture

The righthand frame
displays the
content of the
lecture

ADL icons
(globe image)
attached to a
concept link to
a display of
concept
properties in
the concept
window
Other icons attached to a concept link to a display of concept
examples in the illustration window
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
View of learning material by concepts
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Lecture/lab/… composer tool
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
Learning object collections

Cataloged with tool for metadata creation
 ADN metadata content standard with concept fields

Use of ADL/ADEPT middleware search services
 E.g., in creation of lecture/lab presentation materials

Display of collection items in collection window
 Photos, images, maps, text, videos,…

Support in display window for ADL browser
 Allows dynamic search of collection holdings
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Alexandria Digital Library Project
The illustrations window
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Evaluation of concept-based approach

Evaluation of efficacy for student learning


Do students attain “deeper levels” of understanding?
Comparison approach to evaluation

Evaluation of value to instructors/TAs
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 UCLA evaluation team
Evaluation issues

Instrumenting students’ use of course materials

Time to assess pedagogic value of approach
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Example of lessons learned

Importance of “conceptualizations” of concept
 e.g., characterize concept of Fluvial Landscape with
concepts of {River, Watershed}
 Embed conceptualizations in lecture/labs (not in KB)
 Idea of learning materials as trees in concept space

Construct labs using analogous “lab” composer
 Tailored for lab presentations/work
 Supports of logic of using concepts as framework
 Can import material from lecture/other collections
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Summary

DL infrastructure as basis for Learning Environments
 Collections
– Concept KBs, Lectures, DL objects
 Services
– Creation/Search/Display


Evaluation of efficacy of approach
Community-based development of KBs, Learning
Materials, Collections
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ADLP Activities
Alexandria Digital Library Project
EDUCATIONAL APPLICATIONS
• knowledgebase and lecture composing,
visualization, and presentation tools
• physical geography concept space and
learning object collections
• applications to undergraduate education
• educational evaluation
• learning services and DL integration
• digital classrooms
• metadata content standards
• learning objects
• computational models
USER INTERFACES
• reusable user interface components
• contextual maps, footprint creation
• KOS navigation
• lightweight GIS functionality
• Digital Earth visualization
• image processing
• query-by-content, classification
• spatial extent determination
GEOREFERENCED DIGITAL LIBRARIES
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•
•
•
•
•
•
distributed georeferenced DL services
NSDL core infrastructure
data environment (e.g., GIS) integration
hardware acceleration for spatial data
collaborative tools
Z39.50 support
ingest and workflow systems
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION
• gazetteers: research and community
• gazetteer content standard
• web service protocols for gazetteers,
thesauri, and other KOS
• ADL gazetteer
• thesauri for feature and object types
• duplicate detection for gazetteers
• textual-geospatial integration services
OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS
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•
•
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georeferenced DL tutorials
distributable software packages
operational libraries: UCSB library, ...
outreach; federated nodes
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