THE PLANT KINGDOM
7 Basic needs of plants:
*temperature
*light
*water
*air
*nutrients
*time
*room to grow
Characteristics of All
plants:
*eukaryotes and autotrophic.
*Most live on land and have a
obtain water.
way to
•Many have a waterproof layer covering
their leaves called the cuticle - prevents
water loss.
•Multicellular
Two major divisions of plants
Vascular Plants - those
that have vascular
tissues (tubes that
transport water and
food throughout the
cell
TubesXylem
Move water p
up in plants
.Phloem move
food down
HORNWORTS
VASCULAR PLANTS
Two main divisions of vascular
plants:
SPORE PRODUCERS
(ferns, club mosses and
horsetails)
2. SEED PRODUCERS
1.
Spore Producer vascular
plants(fern)•Reproduce with spores
•Leaves are called fronds
•They have stems that grow
underground
•They need moist conditions to
survive, and need shade to grow
•Ex. fern
.
Seed producing vascular plants-All other
plants are seed plants. They can produce
seeds in cones(cones in pine trees) or
have seeds in flowers.
Two types of seed plants:
GYMNOSPERMS:
•Woody stems(conifers)
• Produce naked
•seeds not enclosed in an
ovary
•Needle like leaves
REPRODUCTION IN GYMNOSPERMS
Conifers produce male and female
cones - sometimes cones are produced
on separate trees
Male cones
produce pollen
Females
produce one
ovule at base of
cone
Pollen falls
from male on
to female.
In time sperm
and egg cell
join in ovule.
Zygote
develops into
embryo.
POLLINATION:
Transfer of male
reproductive structure
Seed develops &
cone size increases.
to female reproductive
structure
Cones with
immature seeds
point up & cones
with mature seeds
point down.
2nd type
of seed
plant
ANGIOSPERMS:
Flowering Plants
•Herbaceous stems
•Produce seed enclosed in fruit
•two characteristics - produce
flowers and fruit
PARTS OF THE FLOWER:
Female Reproductive
Part -Pistil
stigma is the sticky
surface at the top of
the pistil; it traps and
holds the pollen. The
style is the tube-like
structure that holds
up the stigma. The
style leads down to
the ovary that
contains the ovules.
Male Reproductive
Part-Stamen
The stamen has two
parts: anthers and
filaments. The
anthers carry the
pollen. These are
generally yellow in
color. Anthers are
held up by a threadlike part called a
filament.
Petals attract
pollinators.
The sepals are
the green petallike parts at the
base of the
flower. Sepals
help protect the
developing bud.
Seed
Seeds develop once the sperm
cells fertilize the egg cells.
The seed provides a covering to
keep the young plant from
drying out.
All seeds have an embryo,
stored food and a seed coat.
•The young plant that develops
from the fertilized egg is called
the embryo.
•The embryo has the beginnings
of the roots, stems and leaves.
•The embryo uses the stored food
inside the seed to grow.
•The stored food is in cotyledons.
The outer part is called the seed
coat.
TWO TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS
DICOT:
examples are
roses, violets
and dandelions,
oak, maple,
vanilla bean and
apple
•Flowers have 4 or 5
petals or multiples of
that number
•Leaves are wide with
veins that branch off
each other
•Stems have bundles of
vascular tissue
arranged in a circle.
MONOCOT:
Examples are
grasses, corn,
wheat, rice,
lilies, tulips
•Slender leaves
with veins that
run parallel like
train tracks
•Vascular
tissue is
scattered
randomly
through stem
Life Cycle
A plant's life cycle
describes how long a
plant lives or how long it
takes to grow, flower,
and set seed. Plants can
be either an annual,
perennial, or biennial.
Annual
A plant that completes its
life cycle in one growing
season. It will grow,
flower, set seed, and die
Examples: marigolds,
tomatoes, and petunias.
Perennial
A plant that lives for 3
or more years. It can
grow, flower, and set
seed for many years.
Examples: daisies,
chrysanthemums, and
roses.
(think bushes!)
Biennial
A plant that needs two
growing seasons to
complete its life cycle.
Produces leaves one
season, rests in winter and
grows flowers & seeds the
next season.
Examples: parsley, carrots, & foxglove.
Plant Parts - Roots
The roots provide support anchor the plant & absorb
water and nutrients needed
for growth.
I’M A
ROOT!
ROOT SYSTEMS
Taproot system
A root with a few
branches that is very
thick and swollen.
Carrots & potatoes
are example.
fibrous root system
Some plants have a root
system like this. It is a
bunch of very fine roots all
together. Grass plants have
fibrous roots.
Plant Parts - Stems
Stems carry water and
nutrients taken up by the
roots to the leaves. They
also provide support.
Without stem, there
would be nothing to hold
up leaves or flowers!
Plant Parts - Leaves
Leaves are the
food making
factories of green
plants.
Leaves can be simple,
made of a single leaf
OR...
blade
compound in
which the leaf
blade is divided
into separate
leaflets
Joins leaf to main stem
Joins leaf to main stem
LEAF CELLS
Stoma is the pores in the leaves
through which excess which excess
water evaporates by a process
called transpiration