Exploitation, Rebellion, and Community (composite unit)
1. Administrative: AP#2 due Today
 Prospectus—will return Tuesday
 Today: focus on readings from Weber (W4) and Nellis (W4&5); next Tues on Wright
(from Week 5 readings; and )
2. Last Meeting: Construction of the middle ground in mid-colonial era
A. Refugees and implications for the fur trade--White, pp. 23-50 (Stephen, Tyler, Jeffrey)
1. Algonquian vs French perceptions of motivations for the fur trade
2. What were the ecological consequences of the cycle of wars in the Middle Ground?
3. How did refugee centers affect European perceptions of Indian folkways?
11 Feb 3 Thursday
4.
How did the Iroquois offensive affect French relations with Indians? (Algonquian “protectors” of New France)
a. Mediation as a source of power (not a demonstration of power) in French-Indian relations
b. Literacy as a key to French success @ mediation (broad networks & secure information)
B. Misperceptions and Mis-accommodations on The Middle Ground --White, pp. 51-75; 75-93
(Toni, Samantha, Jeffrey, Hannah, Dave Baty):
1. Misperceptions of French position on racial intermarriage on the Middle Ground
2. Implications of conversion for gendered authority within Algonquian families
3. Reconstruction of political and social authority on the Middle Ground
4. Father Gravier and the marriage of Aramepinchiue to Accault as an example of how misfired
efforts to understand the “other” formed the foundation of Middle Ground synthesis
5. Why were so many French colonists killed at the hands of Algonquian allies in 1684?
3. Today: Sectarian Roots of Rebellion and Construction of Community in mid-colonial period
A. Conquistadores of the Spirit --Weber, pp. 92-122 (Bob McCormick, Stephanie, Jonathon, Kate):
1. the Royal Orders of 1573 and implications for inter-racial interaction in Spanish
system, 1573-1660s
2. Comparison of women’s experiences in English and Spanish colonies?
3. What attracted Franciscans to North America? (comparisons with Puritan incentives?)
1. How did Maria de Jesus de Agreda influence Franciscan priorities? (p. 99)
2. What were Franciscan goals in North America? In Santa Fe?
4. Compare the Timucuan and Pueblo responses to Franciscans? Results?
3. How successful were the Franciscans in achieving their objectives by the 1660s? Why?
4. How did Franciscan strategies of conversion affect generational stability?
5. Why did Franciscans try to maintain segregated communities among converts?
B. Growth in NE & Chesapeake, 1650-1700-- Nellis, pp. 129-158 (Gabe, Tyler, Stephanie, David
Manns)
C. How did Puritan presence influence colonization elsewhere in North America?
1. What was the effect of the Puritan migration on Jamestown and the Chesapeake settlements?
2. How did the Puritan migration affect gender ratios and family structure in North America?
3. How did Puritan clerical leadership affect Indian-White relations in the Middle Ground?
D. How did Puritan objectives affect the internal stability of colonies predominantly Puritan?
1. How did Winthrop explain Puritan objectives in 1630?
2. Was there a contradiction between Puritan ideals and Puritan outcomes?
a. close-knit community ideal (“corporate community” model—Kenneth Lockridge,)
b. problem of population growth and expansion (re-colonization ideal)
c. problem of population growth and membership (“visible saints” vs “halfway saints”)
E. Civil War, Restoration, and British Empire in N.America --Nellis, pp. 159-178: (Annie,
Josephine, Griff, Jonathon)
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
What caused King Philip’s War in 1675/6?
What were causes and consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676?
What caused the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?
What caused the Salem Witchcraft Scare in 1690?
How did the uprisings of 1675-1690 affect colonial systems of labor and civil authority?
Exploitation, Contention, and Rebellion --Weber, 122-146: (Stephen, Bob, Kate)
L. Decades of disorder in North America, 1670s-1700 and implications for systems of labor & civil authority
1. emergence of “neotraditional” movements in colonial territories (Metacom, Popé, Bacon)
2. erosion of clerical authority and the vacuum of power (Guale Uprisings and Creek/Carolina alliance)
3. disputes over forced labor and implications for slavery
4. land pressures, generational transfers and implications for Indian relations
5. implications for “middle ground” go-betweens and the reconstruction of racial differences
M. Practical reasons for supernatural explanations for civil unrest in the third generation of colonial settlement
N. Economic/status issues (generational transfer concerns) in Bacon’s Rebellion, Metacom’s War, Pueblo Revolt
O. Ecological and generational origins of the Pueblo Revolts of 1680-1696
1. How did the drought of 1660-1680 affect Spanish-Pueblo relations?
2. How did Spanish taxes affect Pueblo relations with Plains Indians?
3. Compare Pedro Nanboa and Pedro Naranjo descriptions w/ Frs. Alonso Garcia & Antonio de Sierra?
a. What are the circumstances under which their narrative is generated? In whose voice is it rendered?
b. What was the Spanish response to the 1675 uprising? How did it differ from the1680 uprising?
4. How does Weber describe the results of the Revolt? Comparisons with results of Metacom’s War?
5. How and why did the Spanish regain authority among the Pueblos? (Vargas, 1696-1700)
P. Generational and gender issues in the Salem Witchcraft Scare in the 1690s
1. What accounts for the fascination with witches in Puritan society in the late 1600s?
2. What distinguished between righteous speech and the discourse of witches in the late 1600s?
3. What role do Black people play in the trials? (Tituba; Ann Putnam, Sr’s reference to Black man with R. Nurse)
4. What was the nature of the evidence against Rebecca Nurse? What was her defense?
5. Terms:
Estevan de Perea (ca 1629, Santa Fe)
1621-31)
Franciscan Order (est 1209, Assisi)
Indios de deposito (“rescued” Indians)
“Apostate” Indians (Creek allies v. missions)
Apache
“closed corporate community”
coureurs de bois
Maria de Jesus de Agreda (Poor Clares of St.Francis
Royal Orders for New Discoveries (1573)
indentured servants
Appallachee Missions
Commanche
“halfway” saints
voyageurs
Aramepinchiue (Illinois woman, Kask.)
marriage a la facon du pays
Okamas (village leaders, Algonquian)
Michelimackinack (Cadillac, 1680s)
Great Village of Kaskaskias (IL)
Michilimackinac
Sault Sainte Marie
Michel Accault (Frenchman with La Salle)
“hunting women”
Alliance Chiefs (French-influenced okamas)
Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac
Fort St. Louis
Green Bay
Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, Sieur de Cadillac
John Winthrop
Father Gravier (k. 1706)
John Sassamon
King Philip’s War
the Puritan Migration
Mary Rowlandson
Metacom
John Eliot
Bacon’s Rebellion
Pueblo Revolt (ca 1680-1693)
Santa Fe Witchcraft Crisis (1675)
Apalachicola Revolts (1675&1681)
Diego de Vargas (campaign of 1691-1694)
Declaration of the People (4 July 1676)
Popé (San Juan Pueblo)
Apalachicola Revolts (1675&1681)
Siege of Santa Fe (9 Aug. – Sept 21, 1680)
Guale Offensive (British vs Spanish missions, 1680)
The War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s, 1701-1713) Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Maria van Rensselaer (NY, ca 1680)
Sarah Kemble Knight (NY, ca 1704)
Peter Kalm (Travels in North America, ca 1740s-1750s)
Gottlieb Mittelberger (ca 1754)