Parts of Speech
Nouns
 Nouns are people: LeBron James, teammate,
audience, musician
 Nouns are places: Amsterdam, court, gymnasium
 Nouns are things: chairs, boats, instruments
 Nouns are ideas: motivation, happiness, inspiration
Common vs. Proper
 Common noun
 General name for a person, place, thing, or idea.
 Usually not capitalized.
 Proper noun
 Name for a particular person, place, thing, or idea.
 Proper nouns are always capitalized.
Common
nouns
guitarist
high school food
Proper
nouns
Stevie Ray
Vahn
Humboldt
High
Mcdouble
Concrete vs. Abstract
 Concrete
 Names an object that can be seen, heard, smelled, touched, or
tasted.
 Abstract
 Names an idea, quality, or state.
Concrete
book
note
computer
Abstract
independence
curiosity
sadness
Collective Nouns
 Collective nouns
 Refer to a group of people or things.
 Singular in form (the group is usually acting as a whole unit or
individually doing the same thing).
 Examples: family, crowd, staff, pack.
 The team has a game today. (group working as a whole unit)
 When will the crew test the equipment? (group working
individually to test equipment)
 What are some other collective nouns?
Compound Nouns
 Compound nouns
 Made up of two or more words
 May be written as one word, as separate words, or as a
hyphenated word.
One Word
Separate Words
Hyphenated
Words
airplane
rain forest
mother-in-law
sunlight
parking lot
fade-out
Possessive Nouns
 Overly controlling…..not really.
 Possessive nouns
 Show ownership or relationship.
 Require an apostrophe whether or not they are plural or
singular.
 Examples:
 Ownership: the singer’s outfit
 Relationship: the singer’s aunt
 Singular= ‘s. Example: Zee’s
 Plural= s’. Example: students’
Pronouns
 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
 The noun that a pronoun refers back to is an
antecedent.
 Ex. Ray said he wanted musicians to audition for the
play. (He is the pronoun and Ray is the antecedent.)
Table of Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First Person
I, me (my, mine)
we, us (our, ours)
Second Person
you (your, yours)
you (your, yours)
Third Person
he, him, she, her, it
(his, her, hers, its)
They, them (their
theirs)
Notes on the last slide
 Possessive pronouns are in parenthesis on the table
in the last slide.
 Possessive pronouns do the same thing as possessive
nouns which is……
Types of Pronouns
 The next few slides will have information that you
will need to put in your foldable.
 You will need to keep these foldables in your binder
with your notes.
Reflexive Pronouns
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Reflect back on the antecedent.
 They are essential to the sentence (if you take them out, the
meaning of the sentence changes).
 They usually come after a verb.
 Examples:
I bought myself a new car.
 Have you looked at yourself in the mirror lately?

1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
myself
yourself
himself, herself,
itself
Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Intensive Pronouns
 Intensive pronouns
 Not essential to the sentence.
 Intensifies the antecedent it refers to
 Examples:
I myself do not have an opinion.
 She would have said so herself, but he beat her to it.


1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Singular
myself
yourself
himself, herself,
itself
Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Demonstrative Pronouns
 Demonstrative Pronouns
 Point out specific people, places, things, or ideas.
 List of demonstrative pronouns: this, these, that, and
those.
 Ex. The person at the front of the line will get better
tickets than those at the end, she thought.
Relative Pronouns
 Relative pronouns
 Introduce dependent clauses
 Modify a word in a sentence.
 Lists of relative pronouns: who, whom, whose,
which, that
 Ex: The house that Jack built is big. (house is
modified by that)
 The professor, whom I respect, received overtime.
Interrogative Pronouns
 Interrogative Pronouns
 Ask a question
 List of interrogative pronouns: who, whom, whose,
which, what.
 Ex: What is your favorite song?
Indefinite Pronouns
 Indefinite Pronouns
 Do not refer to a specific person, place, or thing.
 An indefinite pronoun does not usually have an antecedent.
Singular
Plural
another, anybody, Both, few, many,
anything, each,
several
either, everybody,
everyone,
everything, much,
neither, nobody,
no one, nothing,
one, somebody,
someone,
something
Singular or
Plural
All, any more,
most, none, some
Verbs….oh my!
 Verbs
 Expresses an action, a condition, or a state of being.
 The two main types of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs.
 We will also talk about one other type of verb today: Helping
verbs.
 Your book wants us to call them auxiliary verbs. Just be ready
if you see auxiliary verb; it means helping verb.
 Auxiliary verb = Helping verb.
Action Verbs
 Action verbs
 Expresses action, duh!
 The action may be physical or mental.
 Examples:
The band marches onto the field. (physical)
 The audience expects a great performance. (mental)

 Who can give me some more examples of both
mental and physical verbs?
Linking Verbs
 Linking verbs
 Links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate.



*Side Note: The subject is the noun giving the action in a sentence
and the predicate follows it, usually with the verb.
There are two groups of linking verbs: forms of to be, and
verbs that express condition.
Examples:
The instruments are safe in the bus. (to be)
 The students seemed bored during the long trip. (condition)

Linking Verbs cont.
 Forms of to be = is, am, are, was, were, been, being
 Some verbs that express condition = look, smell, feel,
sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem, remain
Linking and Action Verbs
 Some verbs can be either action or linking verbs.
Action
Linking
We felt the seat cushions.
They felt dry.
We tasted the popcorn.
It tasted salty.
 ****If you can substitute is, are, was, or were
for a verb, you know it is a linking verb.****
Helping Verbs(A.K.A Auxiliary Verbs)
 Helping Verbs
 Combined with main verbs to form Verb phrases.
 A verb phrase may be used to express a particular tense of a
verb, or to indicate that an action is directed at the subject.


*Side Note* Verb phrase= a part of the sentence containing the
verb and any direct or indirect objects, but not the subject.
Example:
The stadium is filled to capacity. (is=helping verb, filled=main
verb)
 We should save a seat for Jeff. (should=helping verb, save=main
verb)

Common Helping Verbs
Be
Have
Might
Shall
Will
Can
May
Must
Should
Would
Helping Verbs cont.
 Some of the helping verbs from the last slide can also
be used as main verbs. For example notice how has
stands alone in the first sentence below and is a
helping verb in the second sentence.
 Sandra has a pair of Conga drums at home. (main
verb)
 She has practiced her drumming all summer.
(helping verb)
Adjectives
 When you think of adjectives, think of something
that modifies (adds to) a noun or a pronoun.
 Adjectives


Modifies or limits the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
Example:

We saw the famous singer at the legendary Carnegie Hall.
(Famous modifies singer and legendary modifies Carnegie Hall)
Adjective Questions
 Adjectives answer the questions what kind, which
one, how many, or how much.
What Kind
Which One
How Many
How much
Famous song
This star
One dollar
Some music
Squeaky noise
That way
Three tenors
More room
Green light
These words
Several years
Less energy
Use Adjectives to Describe this Man
Articles
 Articles
 The most common adjectives are the articles a, an, and the.
 A and an are indefinite articles that refer to one of a general
group of people, places, things, or ideas.
 The is the definite article that usually refers to a specific
person, place, thing, or idea.
 Examples:
Indefinite: A student volunteered. Jessie bought an itinerary.
 Definite: The teacher arrived. Phil borrowed the camera from
her.

Proper Adjectives
 Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns.
 What are proper nouns again?
 Proper adjectives, like proper nouns, are capitalized.
 Also, they often end in –n, -an, -ian, -ese, and –ish.
 Examples:
 American artists perform in international countries. (What
noun does American modify?)
 Japanese crowds fill Yokohama Stadium. (What noun does
Japanese modify?)
Adverbs
 Adverbs
 Modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
 Examples:
We instantly recognized Creedence’s “Born on the Bayou.”
(instantly is an adverb that modifies recognized)
 The famous notes rang out quite clearly. (quite modifies clearly
and clearly modifies rang out. Both are adverbs.) *There is an
adjective in this example too.*
 The orchestra waited until the auditorium grew completely quiet.
(completely is an adverb that modifies the adjective quiet)

Adverb Questions
 Just like adjectives, adverbs answer certain
questions.
Where
The student orchestra stopped here during a
national tour.
When
Will they be returning soon?
How
Everyone played magnificently.
To what extent
The auditorium was completely full.
Notes on Adverbs
 Adverbs sometimes end in –ly.
 Frequent+ly=frequently
 Extreme+ly=extremely
 Sometimes the spelling changes because of this
addition.


True+ly=truly
Possible+ly=possibly
Not and Never
 The words not and never are always adverbs.
 Darryl would not eat his liverwurst sandwich. (Not is an
adverb modifying the verb eat.)
 Mr. Ross’s jokes are never boring. (Never is an adverb
modifying the adjective boring.)
Good and Well
 Good=adjective. Only use good to describe a noun.
 It was a good game. (Good is modifying the noun game.)
 Well=adverb. Only use well to modify verbs.
 Their team played well. (Well is modifying the verb played.
Video to Describe
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v52COutHM2o
Prepositions- “Mouse in the Box!!!”
 A preposition shows the relationship between a noun
or pronoun and another word in a sentence.
 Example:


The sound of a jazz band filled the kitchen.
The music was coming from a radio.
 If you are having trouble with prepositions, think
“Mouse ____ the box.”
 Most prepositions will fit in this sentence about the
mouse.
List of Prepositions
 Look in your book on page 23 for a table of
prepositions.
 How many work with the mouse?
 Put these prepositions in your notes: as, at, by, for, of
to.
 These do not fit with the mouse, and they are the
prepositions no one thinks about.
Compound Prepositions
 Compound Prepositions
 Consist of more than one word.
 Example:

Most rappers work one the spot instead of writing their raps
before hand.
 A box of common compound prepositions is in your
book on page 23.
Prepositional Phrases
 Prepositional phrases
 Consists of a preposition and its object, and any modifiers of
the object.
 The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows
a preposition.
 Prepositional phrases often express relationships of location
(by, near), direction (to, down), or time (before, during).
Prepositional Phrases Examples
 (Red=preposition, Brown=object)
 Many early jazz bands played in New Orleans.




(location)
Musicians traveled to other large cities. (direction)
During the 1920s, jazz swept the country. (time)
A sentence may contain more than one prepositional
phrase. Each preposition has its own object.
Ex= We listened to a solo by Louis Armstrong.
Conjunctions
 A conjunction connects words or groups of words.
 There are 3 kinds of conjunctions: coordinating,
correlative, and subordinating.
Coordinating Conjunctions
 Connect words or groups of words with equal
importance in a sentence. (We need a lot of
connections in English….)
 Greg and Josh watched the new TMNT movie.
 The action started out on a beach, but the scene
changed quickly.
FANBOYS
 F- for
 A- and
 N- nor
 B- but
 O- or
 Y- yet
 S- so
Correlative Conjunctions
 Correlative conjunctions are word pairs that serve to
join words or groups of words.
 Look on page 26 for a list of correlative conjunctions.
 Examples:


You will not only hear your favorite song but also see the
performer.
Either the music or the visual images will grab your attention.
Subordinating Conjunctions
 Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate
clauses (dependent clauses) and join them to
independent clauses.
 Examples:


The band waited while the director checked the lighting.
Although music videos are short, they are expensive to
produce.
 Look on page 27 for a list of subordinating
conjunctions.
Interjections
 An interjection is a word or a phrase used to express
emotion.
 Examples


Yikes! Our project is due tomorrow.
Well, where should we start?
The End!