Health Consequences of Environmental Degradation and Social Injustice Martin Donohoe, M.D., F.A.C.P. Am I Stoned? A 1999 Utah anti-drug pamphlet warns: “Danger signs that your child may be smoking marijuana include excessive preoccupation with social causes, race relations, and environmental issues” Our Home Perspective The earth spins at 1,038 mph at the equator, between 700 mph and 900 mph at mid-latitudes The earth rotates around sun at 18.5 miles/sec The solar system orbits the center of the Milky Way Galaxy at 137 miles/sec One rotation per 225 million years Perspective The sun is one of hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way is one of over one hundred billion galaxies in the known universe The universe may be one of an infinite number of universes The Planets Our Solar System Jupiter = one pixel, Earth = invisible Sun = one pixel, Jupiter = invisible Portland, Oregon Mount Hood Multnomah Falls, Oregon The Environment The natural environment The built environment The social environment Causes of Environmental Degradation Overpopulation Pollution Deforestation Global Warming Agricultural/Fishing Practices Overconsumption / Affluenza Militarization Causes of Environmental Degradation Maldistribution of Wealth National and Global Political and Economic Institutions Poor education Media manipulation and inaccurate reporting Unbalanced political influence Citizen apathy Consequences of Environmental Degradation Increased poverty and overcrowding Famine Weather extremes Species loss Medical illnesses Infectious diseases Consequences of Environmental Degradation Death (40% of world’s yearly deaths linked to water, air, and soil pollution) War Ecological footprint (22 hectares/person) exceeds Earth’s biological capacity (16 hectares/person) Malthusian chaos and disaster Tragedy of the Commons Economic Costs of Environmental Diseases Estimated at $132-165 billion/year in the U.S. alone ($1.25-$2.0 billion in Oregon) Does not count the psychological and emotional costs of the human suffering involved for the victims, their families, and their communities Economic Costs of Environmental Diseases: Oregon Adult and childhood asthma: $30 million Childhood asthma: $28 million Adult cardiovascular disease: $342 million Childhood cancer: $9 million Childhood lead exposure: $878 million Birth defects: $3 million Neurobehavioral disorders: $187 million Source: OEC, The Price of Pollution, 2/08 Overpopulation World population - exponential growth 1 billion in 1800 2.5 billion in 1950 6 billion in 2000 6.9 billion in 2009 est. 8-10 billion by 2050 More people added to the planet in the last 40 years than in all previous recorded history Overpopulation Africa, Asia, and Latin America primarily affected Causes: Poverty Women’s rights issues – impaired access to reproductive health care and education, political/legal/economic/social marginalization World Population Overpopulation Urbanization 20-30 million people/year leave rural for urban areas 2007: first time in history that more than half the world’s population live in urban areas World migrant population = 200 million Economic, war and environmental refugees Most of burden of refugees falls upon poor states Urban Sprawl Since the 1960’s America’s metropolitan areas have been consuming land at a rate 4x faster that population growth 6,000 acres of open space lost per day Wallace Stegner “We simply need … wild country available to us, even if we never do more than drive to its edge and look in. For it can be a means of reassuring ourselves of our sanity as creatures, a part of the geography of hope” Air Pollution Air Pollution Air Pollution Top ten most polluted cities in the world are in China and India World’s Most Polluted Places (2007): Sumgayit, Azerbaijan; Linfen, China; Tianying, China; Sukinda, India; Vapi, India; La Oroya, Peru; Dzerzhinsk, Russia; Norilsk, Russia; Chernobyl, Ukraine; and Kabwe, Zambia Air Pollution Most polluted areas in US: 2001 – LA 2002 – Houston 2003 – San Joaquin Valley in Central California 2004, 2006 - 2008 – LA Air Pollution Cities usually in the top 10 include LA, Bakersfield, Fresno, Phoenix, Houston, Pittsburgh, Salt Lake City, Charlotte Most polluted cities in US: By ozone: Los Angeles, Bakersfield, Visalia (CA) By short-term particulate pollution: Bakersfield, Fresno, Pittsburgh By year-round particulate pollution: Bakersfield, Los Angeles, Phoenix Health Effects of Air Pollution Causes approximately 60,000 75,000 premature deaths/yr. in U.S. (656,000 in China, over 2 million worldwide) More than are killed by auto accidents Health Effects of Air Pollution Air pollution causes asthma and impairs lung development and function Deaths from cardiopulmonary diseases correlate with air pollution levels in US cities Both day to day and over time Triggers 7.4% of heart attacks worldwide Health Effects of Air Pollution Increased admissions for CHF, asthma, COPD, PVD, and cerebrovascular disease (stroke and TIA) Increased ventricular arrythmias Increased lung cancer mortality Decreased exercise tolerance, increased pulmonary symptoms Health Effects of Air Pollution Increased risk of DVT Increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis Impaired sperm production Increase in SGA and LBW infants Increased risk of appendicitis ?Via link with inflammation? Increased numbers of migraines Air Pollution Coarse, fine and ultrafine particles Ultrafines not regulated, may be most dangerous Nanoparticles may contribute to health risks Air Pollution: The Good News Reductions in air pollution under Clean Air Act Account for up to 15% of overall increase in life expectancy in major U.S. metropolitan areas Saved 160,000 lives in 2010 Effects of Ozone Destruction Ozone hole over Antarctic (2½X size of Europe) Increased cataracts (UV damage) Increased lifetime melanoma risk 1/1500 - 1930 1/68 - today Antarctic Ozone Hole Automobiles Automobiles Number of autos -US: 1 car/2 people -Mexico: 1/8 -China: 1/100 (increasing, has surpassed US auto sales) -Worldwide: 5.8 cars/thousand people Global auto population to double in 25-50 years, from 622 million passenger vehicles in 2008 Automobiles Average miles traveled/car/year in U.S. 1965 - 4,570 mi. 1975 - 6,150 mi. 1985 - 7,460 mi. 1995 - 9,220 mi. 2010 – 12,500 mi. Automobiles Average fuel efficiency of U.S. autos stagnant Cars: 27.5 mpg required by 2011, 35.5 mpg required by 2016 Light trucks / SUVs: 23.5 mpg by 2011, 28.6 mpg by 2015 European and Japanese standards higher Relatively low oil prices (until recently) Automobiles Growing market for low-efficiency pickups, minivans, and sport-utility vehicles Trucks 40% of all vehicles Ford Model T – 25 mpg (1908); Avg. car today – 22.6 mpg (2010) Automobiles: Alternatives Rapid transit -industry squashed in 1930’s and 40’s (GM, Standard Oil, Firestone, etc.) -Convicted under Sherman Antitrust Act Automobiles: Alternatives Car sharing Pay-as-you-drive auto insurance “Peak Pricing” and “Congestion Fees” E.g., London → 21% decrease in traffic, 43% increase in bus ridership, cleaner air Bicycles/walking 30% of all trips by bike in Amsterdam; 2% in Portland, OR Alternatives to Automobiles Busses Trains 15 x more efficient per passenger than autos Amtrak receives 1/3 the amount of federal funding (adjusted for inflation) that it received 20 years ago Automobiles: Alternatives Electric cars -killed by oil companies, automakers in early 20th century Natural gas, gasohol, and biodiesel Beware Jevon’s Paradox (Increased efficiency leading to increased overall energy consumption) Telecommuting Automobiles: Alternatives Solar cars Hydrogen-powered Byproduct Problem: cars = water Hydrogen production requires fossil fuels US Energy Consumption by Fuel Oil – 37% - peak oil production expected 2014 Natural gas – 24% Coal – 22% - peak coal production 1920 Nuclear – 8.5% Renewables (mostly hydroelectric and biomass; small amounts of geothermal, wind, and solar) – 7.3% U.S. Energy Sources for Electricity Coal – 51% Nuclear – 21% Gas – 17% Oil – 1% Renewables (mostly hydroelectric) – 9% Electricity generation utilizes 40% of US energy US Energy Consumption Transportation – 29% Industrial – 25% Residential – 11.5% Commercial – 8.5% Energy Spending/Research Federal funding for energy R&D (1974-2005, in 2005 dollars): $50 billion: nuclear Nuclear subsidies under strong consideration by Congress, supported by Obama (2011) $20 billion: fossil fuels $12 billion: renewable energy $12 billion: efficiency 2010: increases in funding for renewable energy, possibly nuclear energy Petroleum Industry Profits Mergers squelch competition, drive up prices Record-breaking oil company profits The world’s 6 most profitable corporations in 2008 were oil companies (in 2010, 5 of the top 50) Exxon: $45 billion in 2008, $19 billion in 2010 2008 profits largest in U.S. history (exceed GDP of 2/3 of world’s nations) Belridge, CA Oil Fields Edward Burtynsky Nigerian Gas Flare The U.S. and Oil U.S. consumes > 20 million bbl/d Produces 5 million bbl/d Strategic Petroleum Reserve holds more than 700 million bbl ANWR contains 4.3 – 11.8 billion bbl oil One year supply 23 billion bbl under remaining U.S. territory 2.5 million abandoned oil and gas wells litter U.S. (20-30 million worldwide) Oil and War Countries that export oil are >40 times more likely to be engaged in civil war than those that do not Gulf Wars I and II The Future? Other Sources of Air Pollution Industry - #1 Indoor combustion of coal and biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and animal dung) for cooking, heating and food preservation Used by almost 3 billion people worldwide Causes close to 2 million deaths/yr Associated with multiple pulmonary conditions Solar cookers may replace Noise Pollution Common in inner cities, hospital wards Average sound level 72dB in hospital wards WHO recommends no more than 35dB Adverse health effects include increased risk of HTN, ischemic heart disease, delayed wound healing, aggressive behavior, need for psychiatric and pain medications, GERD symptoms, hearing loss in neonates, and increased rates of rehospitalization Garbage Garbage 98% of the country’s total refuse is industrial waste; 2% municipal waste Making 1 lb of sellable product generates avg. 32 lbs. of waste Garbage American produce 4.5 lbs/d garbage 1,680 lbs/person/yr Only 1.5 lbs recycled In a lifetime, the average American will throw away 6500 times his/her adult weight in garbage U.S. Garbage Composition Paper and Paperboard - 34% Average American receives 41 lbs of junk mail per year Yard Waste - 13% Food Waste - 12% Plastics - 12% Metals - 8% Glass - 6% Wood - 5% U.S. Recycling Rates Tires - 22% Plastic containers - 25% Overall plastics – 7% Glass containers - 28% Yard waste - 41% Paper and Paperboard - 55% Aluminum packaging - 54% Steel cans - 60% Auto batteries - 93% Garbage One half of US has no curbside recycling pickup Landfills Incinerators Garbage Exports Between ¼ and ½ of rural Americans burn their trash Accounts for 1/3 of U.S. dioxin emissions Outlawed in some states Toxins Toxins 6 trillion tons of over 85,000 chemicals produced annually 2000-3000 new chemicals registered each year 2/3 of those introduced since 1983 marked “trade secret,” making investigation difficult More than 90% have never been screened for toxicity Consequence of 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act Toxic Pollutants The chemical industry is a $450 billion enterprise in the U.S. alone Chemical manufacturers are not required to prove safety The legal burden is on the government to prove that a product is dangerous Pesticides 2.2 billion lbs/yr pesticides Including agricultural pesticides, wood preservatives, and disinfectants 8.8 lbs/person/yr in US Pesticides Only 5 states (CA, LA, MI, TX, NY) currently track pesticide sales and use and/or collect data on pesticiderelated illnesses 2008: USDA axes national survey charting pesticide use EPA, NAS currently allows pesticide testing in humans, despite strong opposition Monsanto’s Roundup purchased by US government for aerial spraying in Colombia as part of “War on Drugs” Pesticides EPA: U.S. farm workers suffer up to 300,000 pesticide-related acute illnesses and injuries per year 25 million cases/yr worldwide NAS: Pesticides in food could cause up to 1 million cancers in the current generation of Americans Pesticides WHO: 1,000,000 people killed by pesticides over the last 6 years US health and environmental costs $12 billion/yr (2005) Pesticides Linked to autism, Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, obesity (with prenatal exposure), depression, ADHD Children living on or near farms score 5 points lower on IQ tests and other mental and verbal tests May be due to pesticide exposure Anthropological Study of Children Exposed to Pesticides Children from villages practicing organic agriculture Children from villages practicing non-organic agriculture Pesticides Pesticides $2.4 billion worth of insecticides and fungicides sold to American farmers each year Pesticide runoff contributes to coastal dead zones Baltic Sea, Mouth of Mississippi in Gulf of Mexico Red tides Pesticides inhibit nitrogen fixation, decrease crop yields Pesticides Evidence suggests that pesticides promote pests (vs. natural pesticides) 30% of medieval crop harvests were destroyed by pests vs. 35-42% of current crop harvests Implies organic farming more costeffective Pesticides and Produce The Dirty Dozen: peaches, apples, bell peppers, celery, nectarines, strawberries, cherries, kale, lettuce, grapes (imported), carrots, pears The Clean 15: onions, avocados, sweet corn, pineapples, mangos, asparagus, sweet peas, kiwis, cabbages, eggplant, papayas, watermelon, broccoli, tomatoes, sweet potatoes Toxins Body burden of industrial chemicals, pollutants and pesticides high Environmental Working Group (2004)found 287 pesticides, consumer product ingredients, and wastes from burning coal, gasoline, and garbage in umbilical cord blood Many other compounds not even tested; numbers undoubtedly higher Toxins Fetuses and children most vulnerable Birth defects, learning disabilities increasing Toxins play important role UK Food Standards Agency has called for a phase out of 8 artificial dyes linked to hyperactivity in children Toxins and gender Sex ratio changing: Normal = 105 boys/girls born (skewed by early male mortality) Fewer boys being born in industrialized countries Other causes include obesity, older parental age, stress, fertility aides Situation far worse in Arctic Cryptorchidism increasing Risk factor for testicular cancer Micropenis, hypospadias increasing Phthalates/Bisphenol A Found in construction materials, clothing, toys, cosmetics, pills, dental fills/sealants, added to PVCs in IV tubing/other plastics At least 47 million prescription meds Exposure levels very high FDA approves 5 million metric tons consumed by industry per year (13% in the U.S.) Exxon Mobil and BASF dominate the market Phthalates/Bisphenol A Wal-Mart, Target, Toys ‘R’ Us phasing out, San Francisco, California, Europe, and Canada have banned phthalates; Australia phasing out use in baby bottles 9 states, Chicago, and Suffolk County, NY have banned BPA in baby bottles and sipper cups Consumer Product Safety Commission reforms of 2008 eliminate lead and phthalates from toys and children’s products Sugar-derived epoxy lining could replace BPA in cans Phthalates/Bisphenol A 2009: Ban Poisonous Additives Act (to ban use of BPA in food and beverage containers and items used by young children) submitted in U.S. House and Senate 2009: BPA-Free Kids Act (to ban BPA in food and beverage containers and utensils marketed for children aged 3 or younger) introduced into U.S. Senate Phthalates/BPA 90% of government-funded studies found adverse health effects vs. 0% of industry-funded studies Associated with: demasculinization and alterations in genitalia in male infants low birth weight lower and higher testosterone levels PCOS in women lower sperm counts in adults; impaired sperm function male sexual dysfunction Phthalates/BPA Associated with: childhood behavioral, emotional, and conduct problems obesity asthma heart disease diabetes elevated liver enzymes Phthalates/PVCs and Medical Devices EPA regulations weak, based on 50-year old study FDA has advised healthcare providers to use alternatives to DEHP-containing PVC medical devices, esp. in neonatal units Banned by EU, CA, and WA Federal legislation pending Triclosan Pesticide used as an antimicrobial in many soaps and hand sanitizers, including those commonly used in hospitals Also found in toothpastes, deodorants, colognes Linked to reproductive, endocrine, and developmental damage in animals Triclosan FDA: Antibacterial soaps are no more effective than regular soap and water in fighting infection AMA: It may be prudent to avoid the use of antimicrobial agents in consumer products Food Dyes None of the 9 artificial food dyes approved for use in the U.S. has been proven safe E.U. warning labels required for six food dyes: “may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.” Animal studies suggest some may be carcinogenic Teflon (PFOA – perfluorooctanate) Non-stick material made by Dupont Chemicals released under high heat and when cookware damaged Exposure linked with cancer, birth defects, and liver damage Dupont hit with largest-ever civil penalty ($10.25 million) in 2006 for concealing health consequences and transmission from mother to fetus Toxic Pollutants – Economic Costs Americans pay more than $55 billion annually for direct medical expenses plus special schooling and long-term care for pediatric diseases caused by lead This excludes the greatest toxic pollutant tobacco Lead Affects brain development, associated with lower IQ, depression, panic disorder No safe level for neurological development Levels between 4 and 10 significantly increase risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular disease Elevated levels associated with crime and violent behavior Pre-natal and post-natal exposure Lead Poor, African-Americans, and Hispanics more commonly exposed Levels declining in US However 83,000 tons of lead shot into environment annually in U.S. (bullets) Developing world at risk Due to increased environmental exposure and, possibly, early umbilical cord clamping 12 million people worldwide lead poisoned Leaded Gasoline Banned in Canada in 1990, US in 1996 (after 25year phase-out period), EU in 2002, Africa in 2006 Ban fought by industry for decades Lead paint banned in U.S. in 1978 after decades of industry push-back Many countries still sell leaded gasoline: Indonesia, Venezuela, North Korea, Iraq, Afghanistan, Jordan, Syria, Yemen Mercury Released into air by coal combustion, industrial processes, mining, and waste disposal; concentrated (along with lead, arsenic, and other heavy metals) in coal ash 4500 tons/yr Travels throughout atmosphere and settles in oceans and waterways Bacteria convert it to toxic methyl-mercury Travels up food chain via fish Mercury 16% of women of childbearing age exceed the EPA’s “safe” mercury level Freshwater fish mercury levels too high for pregnant women to eat in 43 states Fish intake decreases risk for SGA newborn, but mercury can cause SGA Mercury Mercury dental amalgams pose health risks to pregnant women, unborn babies, and children (FDA) Contaminant in high fructose corn syrup Mercury New EPA ruling ineffective: Allows cap-and-trade of power plant emissions Removes power plants from list of pollution sources subject to federal Clean Air Act Arsenic Contaminates groundwater in Bangladesh, also, India, China, Mexico, Argentina, Thailand, Vietnam, and parts of the U.S. 13 million Americans have drinking water exceeding EPA’s “safe level” Exposure also via seafood Used to pressure treat wood in US and elsewhere Primarily wooden structures built before 2005 Health Consequences of Arsenic Exposure Pigmentary skin changes Diabetes Heart Disease Increased risk of lung, bladder, and skin cancers Lead, mercury, or arsenic found in 1/5 of both U.S.- and India-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines purchased via the internet Manganese/Cadmuim Manganese: Welders exposed via fumes Causes “manganism” (like Parkinson’s Disease) Welding companies covered up link for decades (like lead paint, etc.) Cadmium Osteoporosis, periodontal disease Phosphorus and Perchlorate Phosphorus in dishwater detergents Contribute to eutrophication, harmful algal blooms Banned in 16 states Perchlorate Endocrine and reproductive toxin Used in rocket fuel, dry cleaning Supplements and Milk Melamine scare with Chinese milk products Kidney failure 37/40 herbal dietary supplements tested by GAO in 2010 contained trace amounts of at least one hazardous metal (lead, mercury, arsenic) Supplements do not require FDA approval premarketing Artificial Turf Made from “crumb rubber,” derived from recycled tire bits Contains lead, mercury, benzene, harmful bacteria High levels of inhalational exposure among young athletes New York City park officials will no longer use tire crumbs in artificial turf fields (alternative = sand-based product) Cell phones ?Link to parotid gland tumors? Link to brain tumors per WHO Gliomas Acoustic neuromas Precautionary principle – hands-free headset ?Other safety benefits? Toxic Pollutants 85,000 known or suspected hazardous waste sites in the U.S. Plus up to 600,000 lightly contaminated former industrial sites (“brownfields”) Will cost hundreds of billions of dollars to mitigate environmental impacts Toxic Pollutants 1 in 4 U.S. citizens lives within 4 mile of a Superfund site (over 1600 sites listed; another 2,500 sites eligible) ½ live within 10 miles Taxpayers paying increasing share of cleanup costs Overall funding decreasing Environmental Racism and Toxic Imperialism Environmental Racism Waste dumps/incinerators more common in lower SES neighborhoods “Cancer Belt” (Baton Rogue to New Orleans) More cardiovascular disease Toxic Imperialism Toxic Pollutants: The Basel Convention The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes (designed to control dumping of hazardous wastes from the industrialized world in developing countries) Toxic Pollutants: The Basel Convention Ratified by 170 countries Despite being the largest producer of toxic pollutants in the world, the U.S. has signed but not ratified this agreement Bathtub, Toilet, and Source of Drinking Water Persistent Organic Pollutants Toxic, remain in environment longterm, resist degradation, can travel long distances Bioaccumulate - higher concentrations as you move up the food chain Most are endocrine disruptors Endocrine Disruptors Linked to: Obesity Insulin resistance Diabetes PCOS, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, premature ovarian failure Male and female reproductive tract abnormalities Endocrine Disruptors Linked to: Impaired fertility Low birth weight, impaired fetal development and fetal anomalies Multiple cancers (including breast, colon, prostate, testicular) Thyroid disease Neuroendocrine abnormalities Endocrine Disruptors Endocrine Society, AMA, and APHA have called for policies to decrease public exposure to endocrine disruptors Persistent Organic Pollutants UN Environmental Program organizing worldwide phaseout of top 12 through the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Including U.S. DDT, PCBs, and dioxins has signed, but not ratified Toxic Pollutants Floriculture Diamond and Gold Mining Cosmetics (see www.safecosmetics.org) Nanoparticles Medical Waste The 6,000 US hospitals generate 2 million tons of waste per year; clinics and doctors’ offices an additional 700,000 tons 850,000 tons incinerated 15% infectious waste incinerated pollutants include dioxin, mercury, cadmium and lead Medical Waste One hospital bed generates between 16 and 23 lbs/day of waste Outbreak of hepatitis B in India due to black market in medical waste and supplies (2009) Medical Waste Solutions: Strengthen EPA regulations Segregation and alternatives to incineration would cost < $1/patient/day 80% of thermometers no longer contain mercury Remove PVCs from medical supplies (e.g., IV tubing) Medical Waste Organizations: Health Care Without Harm Green Health Center Movement NAS: Hospitals built and operated on more environmentally sound principles save money and produce better patient outcomes Electronic Waste 600,000 tons of electronic appliances discarded each year Only 5-10% of computers recycled Most sent overseas Some returns to U.S. in children’s jewelry Electronic Waste EU now requires electronics firms to recycle and to eliminate lead, cadmium and mercury from their products Maine passed first law requiring electronic manufacturers to pay for recycling their discarded products Water UN adopted water as a human right in 2002 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights US has signed but not ratified Water Only 2.5% of the earth’s water is fresh 2/3 of this locked up in glaciers and ice caps As glaciers and polar ice caps melt, this is mixed with sea water Water U.S. water consumption: 81% irrigation, 6% domestic use Worldwide freshwater supplies dwindling Drying up: Aral Sea, Great Lakes, etc. Water Clean Water Act of 1972 has decreased pollution in the US But 80% of US waterways never receive any comprehensive testing for pollutants Water In developing countries, 90-95% of sewage and 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into the local water supply 13,000-15,000 deaths per day worldwide from water-related diseases 4/10 people worldwide have no access to any latrine, toilet, bucket or box Water Pollution and Plastics 120 billion lbs of plastics generated each year, using 4% of world oil supplies Every year more than 500 billion plastic bags discarded worldwide Bioplastics made from agricultural waste using renewable energy could be carbon neutral or even carbon negative Water Pollution and Plastics Texas-sized “great garbage patch” in North Pacific holds estimated 3 million metric tons of mostly plastic trash 6 times the mass of plankton there Most has degraded to microplastics, which bond with PCBs, DDT, and endocrine disruptors, making this area a million times more toxic than surrounding areas Harmful to marine life Works its way up food chain Water Out of 191 nations in the world, 10 nations share 65% of the world’s annual water resources A woman in a developing country walks an average of 6 km/day to obtain water Water Privatization schemes supported by the World Bank and IMF lead to price increases, worsen poverty 5-10% of world’s water privatized - increasing Privatization increases costs, incites social unrest (e.g., Cochabamba, Bolivia) 15% of US water in private hands Bottled Water Bottled water a $400 billion/yr profitdriven industry Costs up to 1,900 times more than tap water Uses up to 2,000 times more energy to produce than tap water Bottled Water Ratio of amount of water needed to produce 1 plastic bottle to amount of water in the bottle = 2:1 Weaker standards, 33-44% is just tap water, dangers of plastics, energy costs/global warming, reduction of local water tables, recycling rate of plastic bottles only 25% Bottled Water “Water is an efficient product. It is a product which normally would be free, and it is our job to sell it.” Suez CEO Gerard Mestrallet Bottled Water San Francisco has banned city purchases of bottled water Water expected to be the major cause of wars by 2050 or sooner Water Pollution – Increased Beach Closings Infamous Industrial Disasters Minimata, Japan, 1920s-1970s (Chisso Corporation) methylmercury poisoning -400 dead; 10,000 injured Bhopal, India, 1984 (Union Carbide, purchased by Dow in 2001) - methyl isocyanate gas 7000-10,000 dead within 3 days, 15,000-20,000 more over next 10 years; 150,000-500,000 injured and/or with resulting health problems Persistent water and soil contamination U.S. has refused Indian government extradition request for Warren Anderson Minimata Disease W Eugene Smith Infamous Industrial Disasters Chernobyl, USSR, 1986 - nuclear power plant explosion 200 times the radiation of Hiroshima + Nagasaki -25-100 died immediately, up to 1,000 injured acutely, NCI estimates 10-75K thyroid cancers (other estimates much lower) - some estimates as high as almost 1 million deaths Chernobyl Higher risk of neural tube defects and childhood leukemia among those living near nuclear power plants Anxiety a major problem Ukraine still spends 6% of its GDP each year on Chernobyl-related matters Infamous Industrial Disasters Alaska, Exxon Valdez, 1989 - oil spill -wildlife devastated, $5 billion damage Punitive damages overturned by U.S. Supreme Court 2006 BP Alaskan pipeline ruptures 2010 BP Gulf disaster (and Michigan oil spill) Oil and Water 1.3 million metric tons of oil enters oceans each year 46% seepage from natural deposits 8% tanker spills Exxon Valdez 38,800 metric tons ABT Summer disaster off southwest coast of Africa (1991) – 260,000 metric tons Remainder = industry, runoff UN phase-out of single-hulled tankers begins 2010 Oil Pollution is Expensive to Clean Up Oil Slicks Kill Marine Life Infamous Industrial Disasters Love Canal: Hooker Electrochemical Company (parent company Occidental Petroleum) dumps over 21,000 tons of chemical waste in 1940s and 1950s Miscarriages, birth defects, cancers Occidental found liable Infamous Industrial Disasters Leads to Superfund Law Today only seven states prohibit construction of schools on or near hazardous waste sites Half-million children attend schools within ½ mile of toxic waste dumps in NY, NJ, MA< and MI alone Deforestation Tropical forests constitute 7% of land surface area, contain > 50% of plant and animal species Majority of tropical forests destroyed One acre of world’s forest cut down every second 50% of global wetlands destroyed (54% in U.S.) 100,000 acres lost per year in U.S. Deforestation Historical -Easter Island (Polynesians), Middle East, U.S. Southwest (Anasazi Indians) Contemporary -Mauritania, Ethiopia, Haiti deforested -Philippines and Thailand are now net importers of forest products, looking at Latin America Next? -Indonesia, Burma, Papua New Guinea, Russian Far East, Amazon, B.C., Alaska, many others Deforestation: Causes New agricultural settlements (overpopulation, poverty, unsustainable farming practices) Logging Oil and gas exploration Drilling in ANWR would drop gas prices 4 cents per gallon, after a 15 year waiting period, and assuming companies sell oil to U.S. consumers Cattle ranching Drug cultivation -Peru, Bolivia, Columbia Clearcutting Clearcutting Clearcutting with Corridors Global Warming Global Warming Greenhouse effect 30% increase in atmosphere CO2 since industrialization began (6.25 billion tons/year) Fossil Fuels (CO2) Methane, choloroflurocarbons, nitrous oxide, sulfur oxides Methane 25 times more heat than CO2, large amounts stored in permafrost Obesity Global Warming 80% of carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels; 20% from deforestation, other land use changes CO2 currently being released at almost twice the rate it is being removed Plants and soil absorb 1/3, ocean waters about ¼, the rest stays airborne Global Warming The last 20 years have been the hottest ever recorded (data go back to 1856) 2010 tied 1998 for hottest year on record (most other years between 2000 and 2009 a close second) Average global surface temperature = 58.3° Hottest temperature in last 10,000 years Global Warming Estimated 4.5-9 degree increase in average global temperature by 2100 Far North, Pacific Northwest warming up faster than other parts of the planet Consequences of Global Warming 160,000 deaths and 5.5 million disabilityadjusted life years lost per year WHO, UN Environment Program Expected to double by 2020 Consequences of Global Warming ↑ weather extremes/natural disasters/insurance claims Over $200 billion in 2008 ($45 billion in the U.S.) Floods, cholera, rising malaria zone Dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, even plague now being seen in Europe Weather Extremes Headline from “The Onion” Hurriphoonado Cuts Swath Of Destruction Across Eastern, Western Hemispheres Consequences of Global Warming Polar icecaps/glaciers/Greenland ice sheet/Himalayas/permafrost melting, sea levels rising Artic ice pack has lost 40% of its thickness compared with 1960 Glacier National Park’s glaciers melting Snows of Kilimanjaro down 85% compared to 1912; will be gone by 2015 Glaciers Calving Polar Bears Stranded / Dying Off Greenland’s Ice Cap Melting: 1992 Greenland’s Ice Cap Melting: 2002 Greenland’s Ice Cap Melting: 2005 Consequences of Global Warming Increased allergies/asthma/anaphylaxis Rising temperatures increase smog/ground level ozone Ozone stunts plant growth Higher levels of CO2 favor growth of ragweed and other pollen-producing plants Global Warming The top 1/5 of the world’s largest 145 countries account for 63% of global C02 emissions (lowest 1/5 = 2%) The countries likely to be most affected by global warming are those least responsible for the increases in global temperature Climate refugees Disappearing locales: Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Kivalina (Alaska), Male (Maldives) Global Warming Increases Droughts Agriculture Global per capita cropland down over 50% from 1961 to 0.6% acre Soil erosion exceeds soil formation In the past 40 years, 1/3 of U.S. topsoil has eroded Takes 1,000 years to “grow” 1 inch of soil Agriculture Livestock responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions than the entire transportation sector Methane, Grass-fed CO2, and NO cattle healthier, produce less methane, contain less saturated fat Agriculture Water use has tripled since 1950, up 6-fold over 20th Century 70% of freshwater use in agriculture Large scale irrigation projects (e.g., China’s Three Gorges Dam) China’s Three Gorges Dam Wasted Food Household food waste adds up to $43 billion/yr in the U.S. 40% of all food produced in U.S. wasted An average American family of four tosses out $590/yr food Americans discarded 3 times as much food in 2005 as in 1985 96 billion lbs/yr in America (2009) Decreasing crop diversity 75,000 plant species are edible Humans have utilized 7000 plant species for food 20% of species provide 80% of the world’s food Consequences: decreasing genetic diversity, vulnerability to disease, huge crop losses (e.g., Irish potato famine) Factory Farming Factory farms have replaced industrial factories as the # 1 polluters of American waterways 1.4 billion tons animal waste generated/yr 130 x human waste 1 hog farm in NC generates as much sewage annualy as all of Manhattan Factory Farming Factory Farming Factory Farm Waste Most untreated Ferments in open pools Seeps into local water supply, estuaries Kills fish Causes human infections - e.g., Pfisteria pescii, Chesapeake Bay Creates unbearable stench Widely disseminated by floods/hurricanes Agricultural Antibiotic Use Agriculture accounts for 70% of U.S. antibiotic use Use up 50% over the last 15 years Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens CDC: “Antibiotic use in food animals is the dominant source of antibiotic resistance among food-borne pathogens.” $4billion/yr to treat antibiotic-resistant infections in humans Campylobacter fluoroquinolone resistance VREF (poss. due to avoparcin use in chickens) Alternatives to Agricultural Antibiotic Use Decrease overcrowding Better diet/sanitation/living conditions Control heat stress Vaccination Increased use of bacterial cultures and specific antibiotic treatment in animals when indicated Ending Agricultural Antibiotic Use EU bans use of all antibiotic growth promoters effective 1/1/06 Three years after a Danish ban on routine use of antibiotics in chicken farming, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chickens dropped from 82% to 12% US Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act, 2007 – awaiting vote Overfishing Fisheries collapsing: Newfoundland cod West Coast salmon 1/3 of fish species threatened with extinction 90% drop in # of largest predatory ocean fish since 1950 Global fisheries collapse predicted by 2048 unless practices change Harmful Fishing Practices Long-lining, bottom trawlers, drift nets Tear up seafloor, damage corals Large amounts of bycatch discarded Up to 20 lbs per lb of desired catch Cyanide fishing (400 kg/year) Dynamite Reef fishing Factory Trawlers Dynamite Reef Fishing The Military Harms Fish Environmental destruction Navy sonar harming/killing off whales Japanese/Norwegian whaling compounds problem Dolphins as mine detectors (in Vietnam and Iraq) Weaponizing sharks, dolphins, etc. (DARPA) Coral Reefs Generate $30 billion/yr globally in fishing, tourism, and protection from storm surges Reefs make up 1% of ocean floor, support ¼ of all marine life Coral Reefs Threatened by bleaching due to rising ocean temperature, acidification from increased CO2, runoffs from deforestation, pesticides pH of oceans down 0.1 from preindustrial times to 8 With current trends, pH will be 7.7 by 2100 At pH 7.8, shell formation ceases Coral Reefs 10% of world’s reefs ruined (90% in Philippines), 30% in critical condition Jellyfish populations burgeoning (“cockroaches of the sea”) Americans purchase 350,000 pieces of live coral broken off from reefs per year vs. 90,000 for the rest of the world Aquaculture 27-33% of fish now consumed is farmed (vs. 4% in 1970) Almost all catfish and trout 1/2 of shrimp 1/3 of salmon Consequences of Aquaculture No compensation to general public for potentially exclusionary use of public services for private profit Feed inefficiency (2-6 lbs of wild fish to raise 1 lb farmed fish) Decreased diversity Escapes, interbreeding with (and lowering fitness of) wild stocks Consequences of Aquaculture Antibiotics (incl. chloramphenicol), hormones, dyes, herbicides, pesticides, algicides → increased pollution and sewage Damage to local estuaries, birds of prey Disease Aquaculture Good seafood (clean water): Clams Mussels Oysters scallops Bad seafood Farmed salmon contains 10X as much PCBs as wild salmon Maldistribution of Wealth 500 billionaires worldwide top 250 billionaires worth $1 trillion, the combined income of bottom 2.5 billion people (45% of world’s population) Maldistribution of Wealth U.S: Richest 1% of the population owns 50% of the country’s wealth -poorest 90% own 30% -widest gap of any industrialized nation -U.S. family median net worth = $48,000 (vs., $95,000 for Canadian family) The Stock Market 20% of Americans own stock; 90% of stocks and bonds owned by 1% The top 1% owns 51% of all stocks, bonds, and mutual fund assets. “Business” news The Stock Market Interesting Fact: As a group, U.S. Senators beat the market by an average of 12% from 1993-98 (study published 2004) The best fund managers average 3% Loophole exempts Congressional lawmakers and staff members from being prosecuted for “insider trading” for using knowledge gained in their work Almost ½ of Congresspersons are millionaires Consequences of Differential Stock Ownership Corporations are answerable to their shareholders Governments are answerable (at least in theory) to their citizens (either through elections or revolutions) Maldistribution of wealth The worldwide gap between rich and poor doubled between 1960 and 1990, and grew an additional 20% between 1990 and 1998, and continues to grow today Gap is higher in the U.S. than in any other industrialized nation Associated with 880,000 deaths per year over expected number if gap was same as in Western European nations Maldistribution of wealth Less than 4% of the combined wealth of the 225 richest individuals in the world would pay for ongoing access to basic education, health care (including reproductive health care), adequate food, safe water, and adequate sanitation for all humans (UNDP) Declaration of Independence “All men are created equal.” George Orwell “Some people are more equal than others” Hudson River, 2009 Maldistribution of Wealth/Resources Threatens National Security and Requires a Permanent War Economy “The U.S. has about 50% of the world’s wealth, but only 6.3% of its population. This situation cannot fail to be the object of envy and resentment. Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity withoug positive detriment to our national security.” George Kennan, U.S. State Dept. Policy Planning Study, 1948 Voltaire “The comfort of the rich rests upon an abundance of the poor” Primo Levi “A country is considered the more civilized the more the wisdom and efficiency of its laws hinder a weak man from becoming too weak or a powerful one too powerful.” Thomas Jefferson “Experience declares that man is the only animal which devours its own kind, for I can apply no milder term to … the general prey of the rich on the poor.” Racial Disparities: Economic Income disparities Median income of black U.S. families as a percent of white U.S. families = 60% in in 1968; 62% in 2002 (63% for Hispanic families) Educational disparities Higher levels of unemployment Racial Disparities: Economic Criminal justice system involvement Toxic waste sitings / environmental injustice / environmental racism Persistent overt / subtle discrimination E.g., “driving while black” Racial Disparities: Health Care Higher maternal and infant mortality Higher death rates for most diseases Shorter life expectancies Less health insurance Fewer diagnostic tests / therapeutic procedures Income Inequality Kills Higher income inequality is associated with increased mortality at all per capita income levels Equalizing the mortality rates of whites and African-Americans would have averted 686,202 deaths between 1991 and 2000 Whereas deaths AJPH medical advances averted 176,633 2004;94:2078-2081 Overconsumption (Affluenza) I = P x A x T (Human Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology) U.S. = 6.3% of world’s population Own 50% of the world’s wealth Overconsumption (Affluenza) U.S. responsible for: -25% of world’s energy consumption -33% of paper use -72% of hazardous waste production (1 ton/person/year) But are we happier? Workloads increasing, vacation and free time decreasing U.S. only OECD country not to guarantee paid leave Guaranteed Paid Sick Leave: International Comparisons Fewer close friends More loneliness/depression Pharmaceutical fixes But are we happier? Average American wastes 62 hrs/yr sitting in rush hour traffic Average American working 200 more hrs/yr than in 1960 (#1 in world) 8/10 Americans want a new job (CNNMoney.com, 11/03) But are we happier? Anti-depressant use doubled between 1993 and 2005 1/10 Americans over age 6 currently taking a psychotropic medication Pharmaceutical marketing plays a significant role Stress up / satisfaction with life down Erosion of social capital Erosion of social capital is strongest where maldistribution of wealth is largest Americans have an average of 2 close friends today Down from 3 in 1985 Lack of social interaction as or more harmful than smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity Erosion of social capital 1 in 4 Americans say they have no one with whom they can discuss important matters Includes nuclear family Was 1 in 8 in 1985 “Most people can be trusted” 1960: agree = 58% 1994: agree = 37% Greater income inequality associated with less trust Maldistribution of Wealth In countries with moderate levels of wealth, happiness is highest where income inequalities lowest Major League Baseball: teams are more successful when players’ salaries are more equitably distributed The Booming Economy Inflation-adjusted income of the median U.S. household 1989 - $54,600 1997 - $49,000 2004 - $44,389 2009 - $49,777 2011 - $51,861 The Booming Economy Weekly wages for the avg. American worker are 12% below what they were in 1973 But productivity is up 33% $1.5 trillion needed to repair nation’s infrastructure Roads, bridges, water and sewer systems Booming No Longer Financial meltdown of 2008 → Causes: De-regulation of banks, insurance companies, and financial services companies via repeal of GlassSteagall Act Housing bubble, sub-prime mortgages Greed Requiring huge bailouts Consumer Protection Agency may help Vacation Time Down Americans work more than any other country: 1970 hrs/yr Canada (#2): 1800 hrs/yr Industrialized EU countries: 1600-1800 hrs/yr Americans take less than 9/12 days of allotted leave per year Japanese alloted 18, Canadians 20, Germans 27, French 39 Many advocate 30 hour workweek Minimum Wage ≠ Living Wage Federal minimum wage = $5.15/hr (no change over last 8 years) Oregon = $8.50/hr (2011) $10,423/yr for full-time job Real value down 42% compared with 1968 Inadequate to pay rent, buy food and clothing 3 million homeless (13-17% of homeless adults work) Food Stamp Program Covers 26 million Americans 35 million Americans (1/3 of them children) live in household that cannot consistently afford food) $1.05/person/meal 5-year residency requirement for adult legal immigrants Undocumented immigrants not eligible Inadequate signup rates Minimum Wage ≠ Living Wage ¼ of US jobs pay less than a poverty-level income Wage theft common, worst among lowest paid workers Robs workers and governments Public service sector workers earn less than private sector employees (after adjustment for age, education, and years of experience) In 4 of the last 5 years, Congress granted itself a $5,000 cost of living salary increase ½ of legislators are millionaires (vs. 1% of U.S. citizens) Exorbitant CEO Pay CEO salaries up 500% since 1980 Dodd-Frank Executive Pay provision requires corporations to report SEC figuring out how to implement Much compensation outside of salary (stock, stock options, other perks) Exorbitant CEO Pay The average CEO makes 300-400X the salary of the average U.S. worker (1960 - 41X; 1980 42X) Mexico 45:1 Britain 25:1 Germany 11:1 Japan 10:1 U.S. Debt US national debt $13.3 trillion in 2010 Over $43,425 for every US citizen Personal savings down Annual bankruptcies up approximately 50% between 2007 and 2010 U.S. Debt Average household debt (for mortgages, car loans, credit cards and all other debt combined) = $114,434 (2010) Debt exacerbated by Predatory lending practices, sub-prime mortgage collapse Payday loans (22,000 stores, serving 10 million people/yr, $40 billion/yr business) Rent-to-own companies Total Credit Card Debt Up 1990 - $243 billion 1997 - $560 billion 2002 - $1.5 trillion 2005 - $800 billion 2009 - $951 billion Average number of credit cards per U.S. adult = 3.5 Bankruptcies 1.6 million bankruptcies between 6/09 and 6/10 Over 60% of bankruptcies due to health care expenses (and ¾ of these individuals were insured) exceed # of college graduates/year, # of persons diagnosed with cancer per year Bankruptcy “reform” bill grossly unfair Pensions Pensions in jeopardy Shift from Defined Benefit Plans to Defined Contribution Plans Reductions in / elimination of employer contributions The “Global Economy” 53 of the world’s 100 largest economies are private corporations; 47 are countries GM was, until recently, larger than Denmark, Thailand, Hong Kong, and Turkey Wal-Mart is larger than Israel and Greece AT&T is larger than Malaysia and Ireland The “Global Economy” Until 2007, the combined revenues of GM and Ford exceed the combined GDP of all sub-Saharan Africa Combined sales of the top 6 Japanese companies are nearly equivalent to the combined GDP of all of South America Corporations Almost 6 million corporations ¼ non-profits 500 companies control 70% of world trade Corporations “The [only] social responsibility of business is to increase its profits.” - Milton Friedman Corporations “Corporations [have] no moral conscience. [They] are designed by law, to be concerned only for their stockholders, and not, say, what are sometimes called their stakeholders, like the community or the work force…” -Noam Chomsky Corporations Internalize profits Externalize health and environmental costs Confidential legal settlements keep important public health and safety information secret May delay governmental intervention, cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality Corporate Taxation Nearly 1/3 of all large corporations (assets > $250 million or annual sales > $50 million) pay no annual income tax Corporate Taxation Corporations shouldered over 30% of the nation’s tax burden in 1950 vs. 6.5% today (“real rate” = 2.8% per U.S. Treasury Department) Corporate taxes are at their lowest level since WW II Reasons for Inadequate Corporate Taxation Tax breaks, corporate welfare, corporation-friendly tax laws, loopholes, transferring assets overseas Cheating and under-payment common 1/3 high school students admits to stealing something from a store in the past year Reasons for Inadequate Corporate Taxation Offshore tax havens shelter capital Estimated 1/3 of global assets $11.5 trillion in individual wealth alone 83 of the largest 100 US companies have subsidiaries in tax havens Lost annual tax revenue: $250 billion worldwide $100 billion in US Ugland House, Cayman Islands 18,000 Corporations Registered Here Corporate Crime Each year in America, we lose; $3.8 billion to burglary and robbery $100-$400 billion to health care fraud; $40 billion to auto repair fraud, $15 billion to securities fraud, etc.; the S and L fraud cost between $300 billion and $500 billion Fines meager, often considered a cost of doing business Corporate crime under-prosecuted, prosecutors under-funded Corporate Crime 25% decrease in federal prosecutions of white collar crime, including corporate crime, since 1999 Increase in non-prosecution and deferredprosecution agreements 3/5 U.S. companies settling corporate crime cases illegally deduct some or all of the settlement to the IRS Corporate Crime Companies mandating forced arbitration SCOTUS allows corporate binding arbitration contracts, limiting class action lawsuits (AT&T v. Concepcion, 2011) Arbitration Fairness Act would counteract ruling Corporate Crime 1,288 whistleblower lawsuits 2002-2008; government ruled for whistleblower in only 17 US Supreme Court (Garcetti v. Ceballos, 2006) sharply restricted rights of public employee whistleblowers Unemployment 9-12% unemployment rate True percentage likely higher (approximately 17%) Only 1/3 of the unemployed are eligible for unemployment insurance Women slightly more likely to be unemployed than men Black women 2X white women Under-employment rate approximately 10% The Rise of the Permatemp Temporary agency workers 1989 - 1.2 million 1998 2.8 million 2006 - est. 4.0 million Results: job insecurity, fewer benefits, no retirement savings, more uninsured, etc. 30% of U.S. workers have no retirement savings Job Loss and The Decline of Labor Millions of jobs lost, early (sometimes forced) retirements Free trade Expatriation of jobs 40% of US jobs part-time or seasonal Job Loss and The Decline of Labor Labor union membership declining since 1950 Now 12%: 7% in private sector 36% in public sector Employers generally anti-union Employee Free Choice Act would make it easier for workers to unionize Labor Unionized workers earn more, have better health benefits, safer working conditions, retirement and disability portfolios Corporate class turns U.S. laborers against their natural advocates (workers in other countries, undocumented immigrants, etc.) Railroad magnate Jay Gould “I can hire one-half of the working class to kill the other half.” Overseas Labor Markets Currently made overseas: 83% of all garments sold in the U.S. 90% of sporting goods 93% of shoes Overseas Labor Markets Overseas factories often lack adequate occupational health and safety / pollution controls (e.g., maquiladoras) Even in U.S., up to 80% of occupational illnesses and injuries missed 2/3 of workers fear disciplinary reaction for disclosing 1/3 of physicians asked to undertreat to avoid triggering an incident report Value of Workers to Society Tax accountants destroy $47 for every $1 in value they generate Advertisers destroy $11 for every $1 they generate Bankers destroy $7 for every $1 they generate Value of Workers to Society Waste recycling workers generate $12 in value for every $1 they are paid Hospital cleaners generate $10 in social value for every $1 they are paid Childcare workers generate $7-$9.50 for every $1 they are paid Worker Health and Safety ILO: 2.2 million die of work-related injuries and diseases worldwide each year Considered vast underestimate, due to poor reporting in many developing countries Over 5,600 U.S. workers die each year due to jobrelated injuries Highest numbers: construction, transportation and warehousing, forestry, fishing and hunting OSHA inspections rare, fines minimal Outsourcing 2 million U.S. jobs lost to outsourcing since 1983 Exact numbers difficult to obtain, companies do not have to report Over the last few years, compared to other firms, CEO compensation has increased five times faster at the 50 U.S. firms that do the most outsourcing of jobs Asian Sweatshop Violations of Employment and Labor Laws 26% of low-wage workers paid less than legally-required minimum wage 25% of workers had put in overtime Avg. 11 hrs, 75% not paid overtime rate Off-the-clock, meal break, pay stub, tipped job violations common Violations of Employment and Labor Laws Illegal deductions, employer retaliation, and workers’ compensation violations Women, foreign-born, non-Englishspeaking, less educated, and non-unionized face more violations Violations common in home-based work and industry The Global Workforce 27 million enslaved laborers Slavery occurs in every country in Africa (Unicef) 800,000 persons trafficked across international borders annually Dollar value of commerce in human beings rivals drug trafficking and illegal arms trade The Global Workforce 215 million child laborers ¼ children in sub-Saharan Africa 60% exposed to hazardous conditions; 25% exposed to hazardous chemicals Violations of child labor laws common in U.S. Child Labor Outsourcing the Government More than ½ of federal jobs now outsourced to private corporations More than ½ of contracts no-bid Threat to democracy Outsourcing of military Mercenaries Demoralizes troops Thomas Jefferson The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only legitimate object of good government The Third World Debt Crisis Over 40 of the poorest countries in Africa, Latin America, and Asia owe a total of almost $300 billion in foreign debt countries borrowed when loans cheap and easy to get money lent to corrupt/undemocratic governments during Cold War corruption world prices for main exports declined new loans (at higher interest rates) required to pay interest on debt The Third World Debt Crisis Creditors US, UK, Japan, France and Germany interest rates up to 20-22% in 1980’s The Third World Debt Crisis Each African child inherits approximately $379 in debt at birth debt 100-200% of GDP for Tanzania, Zambia, Ethiopia, and others Per capita income in Sub-Saharan Africa has declined in real terms by 6% since 1975 Live Aid (1985 raised $200 million) Equal to the amount all African countries pay back on foreign debts each week (in 2001) The Third World Debt Crisis Countries spend more each year repaying debt than on education and healthcare. Debt will never be paid off Effects of the Third World Debt Crisis Indebted countries drastically cut wages, which slows the economy and decreases purchases of U.S. imports makes U.S. jobs less secure Currency is devalued. imports more expensive; exports cheaper Government price controls eliminated basic goods more expensive Effects of the Third World Debt Crisis Government spending on food, fuel and farming subsidies reduced Social service (healthcare/education) program spending cut Countries strip and sell their natural resources increased global pollution, etc. Debt and Microfinance Muhammad Yunus (2006 Nobel Peace Prize) – Grameen Bank Microfinance promises growth of individual and small business Reality – interests and default rates often high, corruption common Perpetuates unfair economic system Solution to the Third World Debt Crisis Debt forgiveness Foreign Aid In total dollars: U.S. #1 As a % of GDP, U.S. ranks 21st among the world’s wealthiest nations More money flows out of developing countries in the form of interest payments, profits of foreign corporations, and clandestine investments in financial markets of rich countries than flows into them as loans, aid, and foreign direct investment Foreign Aid U.S. Aid: Over 1/3 military, 1/4 economic, 1/3 for food and development Most U.S. aid benefits U.S. corporations, is spent on military, goes to Egypt, Israel, Turkey, Pakistan, and the Philippines Foreign Aid Aid agencies often forced to buy from U.S. companies at inflated prices 70% of aid effectively returned to U.S. Food aid inefficient, benefits large agribusiness at expense of local farmers/economies Takes $2 taxpayer money to generate $1 in food aid Foreign Aid 0.9% of the total federal budget, 1.6% of the U.S. discretionary budget Yet 64% of Americans believed in a 1997 poll that foreign aid was the largest federal expenditure On average, Americans think that 24% of the federal budget goes toward foreign aid U.S. Charitable Giving Approximately $250 billion/year 2.5% of income 2.9% at height of Great Depression U.S. Charitable Giving by Income Bracket $15K and under: 26% $15K - $30K: 9% $30K - $50K: 5.3% $50K - $100K: 3.8% $100K - $200K: 3.0% $200K and over: 3.4% Empathy Gap: wealthier people ruder with strangers, less charitably generous than poor people American Charitable Giving Religious Groups: 35% Education: 13% Multipurpose Foundations: 10% Social Services: 8% Health: 8% Arts and Culture: 6% American Charitable Giving Science: 5% Environment and Animals: 3% International Aid: 2% Other: 9% - Includes individual, corporate, foundation, and bequest donations Less than 10% goes to groups which directly help the poor The Gates Foundation Endowment of approximately $35 billion, with another $31 billion pledged by Buffett Foundation Donates 5% of its worth/yr, invests 95% (typical for charities) Drives international public health agenda Most grants go to organizations in high-income countries The Gates Foundation Lack of external oversight, accountability At least 41% of its assets invested in companies that counter the foundations charitable goals or socially concerned philosophy E.g., Oil and chemical companies, agrobusiness, pharmaceutical industry Similar problems for Warren Buffet’s Berkshire wealth Lancet 2009;373:1645-53 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-na-gatesx7jan07sg,0,2046572.storygallery 2009 Federal Budget $2.65 trillion Distribution of federal income tax dollars (2009) Military: 26.5% Health: 20.1% Interest on debt: 13.6% Government: 9.8% Income security and labor: 8.5% Housing and Community: 7.2% Distribution of federal income tax dollars (2009) Food: 3.7% Veterans’ benefits: $69 billion Environment, Energy, Science: 2.5% Education: 2.0% International Affiars: 1.3% Transportation: 1.3% Federal Fund Outlay Sources (2009) Individual income taxes: 34% (poor pay a higher percent of their income in state and local taxes) Corporate taxes: 5% 3.5% estate and gift taxes, customs, misc. 0.5% excise fees 57% borrowing (increasing national debt) The Military and Pollution World’s single largest polluter 6-10% of global air pollution 2-11% of world raw material use The Military and Pollution 97% of all high level and 78% of all low level nuclear waste 104 commercial U.S. nuclear reactors (495 worldwide) – most aged, many unsafe More than 210 million liters of radioactive and chemical waste stored at Hanford, WA Site plagued by leaks The Military and Pollution Pentagon generates 750,000 tons hazardous waste/year Numerous toxic waste sites Exempt from most environmental regulations The Military and Pollution “The more birds that the [Department of Defense] kill[s], the more enjoyment [people] will get from seeing the ones that remain: ‘Bird watchers get more enjoyment spotting a rare bird than they do spotting a common one.’” From a 2002 court summary of the U.S. Defense Department’s argument for exemption from the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 World Military Spending (2008) War and Peace World military budget = $1.5 trillion in 2008 Over 230X what the UN spent on peacekeeping US: Largest military budget; largest arms supplier $38 billion in arms sales in 2008, up from $12 billion in 2005; 70% to developing nations Greatest debtor to peacekeeping fund Economic Cost of War, U.S. The Military: Diversion of Resources Away from Health Care 3 hours world arms spending = annual WHO budget 1/2 day of world arms spending = full childhood immunizations for all world’s children 3 days of U.S. military spending = amt. spent on health, education, and welfare for U.S. children in 1 year The Military: Diversion of Resources Away from Health Care and Other Scientific Projects 3 weeks of world arms spending/yr. = primary health care for all in poor countries, incl. safe water and full immunizations 25% of the world’s 2.5 million research scientists and engineers work entirely on military R and D Anthropologists co-opted under U.S. Army’s Human Terrain Team The Military: Diversion of Resources Away from Health Care and Other Scientific Projects Iraq/Afghanistan war creating enormous U.S. debt Federal and state budgets strapped States facing estimated $55 billion budget gap for 2012 War Deaths, 1945-2000 Arms Exports Arms Imports Weapons of Mass Destruction Nuclear Weapons: 1054 U.S. nuclear tests since 1940s, 331 in atmosphere 23,360 nuclear weapons at 11 sites in 14 countries (1/2 active or operationally-deployed) 5200 active U.S. warheads today (½ on hair-trigger alert); similar number in Russia START treaty signed by Obama, Putin Awaiting Senate approval Will limit US and Russia to 1,550 long-range warheads (still overkill) Weapons of Mass Destruction Biological Weapons Chemical Weapons See WMD slide show on “War and Peace” page of phsj website “Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired, signifies in the final sense a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and not clothed.” ~ Dwight D. Eisenhower “The problem in defense spending is to figure out how far you should go without destroying from within what you are trying to defend from without.” ~Dwight D. Eisenhower Poverty and Hunger US: 14% of residents and 20% of children live in poverty Rates of poverty in Blacks and Hispanics = almost 3X Whites 2011 federal poverty level = $10,890 gross annual income (individual); $22,350 for family of 4 Hunger rate increasing nationally Poverty associated with worse physical and mental health Poverty, Health Insurance, and Food Insecurity 14.3% (44 million people) in poverty (2009) 16.7% (51 million people) lack health insurance (2010) Cost of maintaining COBRA health insurance for a family consumes 84% of worker’s unemployment benefits Food insecurity 9.4% (2007) Poverty At least 1 billion people live in urban slums 1.1 billion people lack access to safe, clean drinking water -1.8 million child deaths/year 2 billion have no electricity 2.6 billion do not have adequate sanitation services Lack of clean water and sanitation cause 4 billion cases of diarrhea and 1.6 million deaths per year Poverty 2.8 billion live on less than $2/day 3 billion have never made a phone call 3.8 billion have no cash or credit with which to make purchases 770 million unable to read 2006: net transfer of capital of $784 billion from poorer countries to rich ones Human Poverty Poverty Poverty, Hunger, and Micronutrients Cost of providing vitamin A and zinc supplements to malnourished infants and toddlers under age 2 = $60 million/year Benefits (including prevention of blindness and malnutrition) > $1 billion/yr Cost of providing iron and iodized salt = $286 million/year Benefits (including prevention of iron-deficiency anemia, cretinism) = $2.7 billion/yr Poverty and Priorities Amount of money needed each year (in addition to current expenditures) to provide water and sanitation for all people in developing nations = $9 billion Amount of money spent annually on cosmetics in the U.S. = $8 billion Poverty and Priorities Amount of money needed each year ( in addition to current expenditures) to provide reproductive health care for all women in developing countries = $12 billion Amount of money spent annually on perfumes in Europe and the U.S. = $12 billion Poverty and Priorities Americans bought > $57 billion worth of lottery tickets in 2008 (more money than is spent on movies, music, and books combined) In 2006, Americans spent $31 billion on toys and video games Almost as much as the rest of the world combined 80% of U.S. toys made in China Consider alternate gifts, charitable donations Toy Exports Toy Imports U.N. Declaration of Human Rights “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care” Famine 1.5 billion not consuming enough calories to prevent stunted growth/other health risks Hunger kills 18,000 people per day, most under age 5 Hunger-related causes kill as many people in 8 days as the atomic bomb killed at Hiroshima Famine UN FAO: enough food produced daily to provide every living person with over 2700 calories/day Even so, half the world’s food is wasted (UN FAO) Diversion of food crops to biofuels significant contributor to rise in food prices, along with food commodities speculation and trading Monetization and Food Aid US food aid purchased from alreadysubsidized US agribusiness US shipping lines transport food to aid organizations in developing countries Undermines local farmers and destabilizes local agriculture Monetization and Food Aid EU has almost entirely phased out monetization UN World Food Programme (the world’s largest distributor of food aid) has rejected monetization and refuses monetized food aid Famine Rich governments and corporations buying up rights to millions of hectares of agricultural land in developing countries in order to secure their own long-term food supplies One week of developed world farm subsidies = annual cost of food aid to solve world hunger Hunger: solution requires political will Feast and Famine For the first time in history, there are now an equal number of people – 1.1 billion – who get too much to eat as those who don’t have enough to eat Famine Famine Affects the Old and Young Medical Care 50% of global health care budget spent in the U.S. Currently only 10% of funding devoted to diseases affecting 90% of world’s population Per capita expenditure on health care: U.S. = $8,160 Typical poor African/Asian country = $5-10 Medical Care Even so, U.S. has 52 million uninsured, ranks 24th worldwide in overall population health as judged by disability-adjusted life expectancy and ranks 42nd in global life expectancy Lack of universal health care limits workforce mobility 2008 study: 7% say they or a family member has married in order to get health insurance Headline from The Onion Uninsured Man Hopes His Symptoms Diagnosed This Week On House Infectious Diseases Increased morbidity and mortality due to changing distributions of disease vectors, reservoirs, and agents -overpopulation and population shifts -malnutrition -drought -decreased immunity Infectious Diseases Malaria -610 min zone expands -50-80 million additional cases/year by 2100 TB Viral encephalitis Schistosomiasis AIDS Influenza Trypanosomiasis Infectious Diseases Onchocerciasis Dengre Leishmanasis Rabies Hookworm Yellow fever West Nile Virus HIV/AIDS 2008: 33 million infected 2007: 2 million deaths Sub-Saharan Africa hardest hit Only 20% of HIV+ individuals in low and middle-income countries know they are infected Less than 1/3 of those needing therapy receive any medication HIV Prevalence Malaria Deaths Species Loss Earth contains an estimated 5 to 100 million species Only 1.8 million have been identified 50 new species identified each day Rate of extinction = 4,000-6,000 species/year, highest estimates = 4 species/hour - 1,000 - 10,000X background rate of extinction Species Loss 50,000 vertebrates - 7,100 of 10,000 bird species threatened with extinction - 1/4 of 4,400 mammalian species - 1/2 of 232 primate species (including man?) bush meat trade contributing - 1/3 of 24,000 fish species - 30-50% of 10,300 reptile and amphibian species (may be higher, limited assessment) Almost ¾ of flowering plants at risk of extinction Precipitous Decline of Alpha Predators will have enormous repercussions for ecosystems/other species Species Loss More than 1600 animals on ES list today – many more at risk 73% of plants and animals that have gone extinct since 1973 were not listed Yangtze River dolphins extinct as of 2007 Polar bears, Adelie penguins at risk of extinction due to global warming Bees and bats imperiled Causes of Species Loss Habitat loss (logging, overpopulation, etc.) - #1 cause now Global warming – est. #2 cause by 2050 Overhunting Causes of Species Loss Chemical pollution of environment Exotic species invasions (e.g. rabbits/Australia; role of ballast water, link of shipping with GDP): Cost = $1.4 trillion/yr (5% of global economy); $130 billion/yr in US HUMANS Extinction: Lost Pharmacopoeia Drugs from plants and native peoples’ health knowledge -More than 1/2 of the top 150 prescription drugs contain an active compound derived from or patterned after natural products -e.g. aspirin, acyclovir, lovastatin, digoxin, vincristine, etoposide, captopril, cyclosporine, sirolimus, vancomycin, paralytic agents, warfarin, etc. Of the more than 250,000 known flowering species, <0.5% have been surveyed for medicinal value A Cure for Cancer? The Black Market in Endangered Animals >$20 billion market -equal to smuggled arms market -less than contraband drug market ($30 Billion) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Still allows more than 100 million individuals of rare species to be bought and sold each year Invasive Species Rabbits and cane toads in Australia Brown tree snakes in Guam Pacific rats in Polynesia Kudzu in the U.S. Asian carp (threatening U.S. Great Lakes) Jellyfish (“cockroaches of the sea”) Worrisome Trends Environmental Audit Laws Increased federal pre-emption of state laws WTO/World Bank/IMF Policies MAI Worrisome Trends GATT, NAFTA, CAFTA, other trade agreements Food Disparagement Laws SLAPP Lawsuits Corruption of judiciary by campaign contributions 86% of US judges are elected Bush Administration Key administrators/committee members/regulators former industry representatives and/or lobbyists Corporate profit before public good Unsound/distorted/suppressed science “Climategate” Bush Administration Eco-harassment Criminalizing activists Rollbacks of key environmental laws Lax enforcement of existing laws OMB estimates annual benefits of major federal regulations between 1996 and 2006 = $99 billion $484 billion, annual costs = $40 billion - $46 billion Huge tax cuts primarily benefit wealthy Obama Administration Change? Obama Administration Overturns global gag rule Some improvements in FDA, EPA Withdrawal (partial) from Iraq Failure to consider single payer health care Supports genetically-modified crops Appointees holdovers (philosophically and personally) from prior administrations ?The future? Status of Women in the Third World Poverty Impaired access to employment and education Lack of reproductive health services, early childbearing, large families Status of Women in the Third World Political marginalization Discriminatory and “cultural practices” -forced prostitution, female genital mutilation, etc. Trafficking, sex slavery Status of Women Economic discrimination women do 67% of the world’s work receive 10% of global income own 1% of all property Poverty Women make up 45% of the global employed workforce, yet are 70% of the world’s poor Education Worldwide More education = longer life (for mother and her child) Less education = worse health Infant mortality rates vary by mother’s education Parents’ education is linked with children’s health Education Worldwide Education increases health knowledge and healthy behaviors Greater educational attainment leads to better employment opportunities and higher income, which are linked with better health Would You Sign a Petition to Ban Dihydrogen Monoxide? 1. It can cause excessive sweating and vomiting 2. It is a major component in acid rain 3. It can cause severe burns in its gaseous state 4. It can kill you if accidentally inhaled 5. It contributes to erosion 6. It decreases effectiveness of automobile brakes 7. It has been found in tumors of terminal cancer patients Geographic Ignorance Percent of US teens unable to locate the following on a map: United States – 11% Pacific Ocean – 29% Japan – 58% United Kingdom – 68% Pseudoscientific Beliefs Percentage of Americans who believe “at least to some degree” in these “phenomena” Astrology UFOs Reincarnation Fortune-Telling 1997 37% 30% 25% 14% 1976 17% 24% 9% 4% Ignorance/Pseudoscientific Beliefs Half of US citizens do not believe in evolution and do believe that humans and dinosaurs coexisted (2007) 40% think scientists still generally disagree about evolution Pseudoscientific Beliefs 37% believe places can be haunted (2007) 25% believe in UFOs (2007) 24% believe in astrology (2009) 16% believe that people with the “evil eye” can cast curses or harmful spells 14% have consulted a psychic or fortune teller (2009) Ignorance/Pseudoscientific Beliefs 22% of Americans don’t know whether an atomic bomb has ever been dropped (2000) 20% of Americans don’t know the earth revolves around the sun (1999) 18% believe in Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster (2007) 8% of men / 18% of women believe in astrology and fortune tellers (2007) Greenwash Public relations / ad campaigns -Chevron’s “People Do” Campaign, butterflies/refinery -BP invests $100 million annually in clean energy = amt. it spends annually to market its new name and environmentallyfriendly image of moving “Beyond Petroleum” -Dupont Freon Campaign in 1970’s -Grants to a few scientists who challenge environmental warnings -tobacco ads in 1950’s Bluewash: association with UN principles/logo Astroturf Artificially-created grassroots coalitions Utilize specially tailored mailing lists, field officers, telephone banks, fax machines, intense lobbying May be one or two individuals, or run by a PR firm, or have “volunteer” employee members Corporate Front Groups The American Council on Science and Health The Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy The Oregon Lands Coalition National Wilderness Institute The Environmental Conservation Organization The Foundation for Clean Air Progress Similar semantics for new laws/congressional bills Corporate PR tactics Invoke poor people as beneficiaries Characterize opposition as “technophobic,” anti-science,” and “against progress” Portray their products as environmentally beneficial in the absence of (or despite the) evidence Chief Seattle “The earth is our mother. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the sons of the earth. The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the earth. All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself.” Sponsored Environmental Educational Materials Corporate-sponsored and supported by a loose coalition of antiregulatory zealots, corporate polluters, lapdog scientists and misguided parents Sponsored Environmental Education Materials (Examples) Exxon’s “Energy Cube” -“Gasoline is simply solar power hidden in decayed matter” -“Offshore drilling creates reefs for fish” Pacific Lumber Company -“The Great American Forest is. . . renewable forever” Sponsored Environmental Education Materials (Examples) International Paper -“Clearcutting promotes growth of trees that require full sunlight and allows efficient site preparation for the next crop” American Coal Foundation 4th grade lesson packet (published by Scholastic) entitled “The United States of Energy) Omits mention of toxic waste, mountaintop removal, and greenhouse gasses Sponsored Environmental Education Materials (Examples) American Nuclear Society’s “Activities with the Atoms Family” Dow’s “Chemipalooza” Advertising US now spends $290 billion/yr on advertising Almost $1,000/person/yr in the U.S. 10% of a two-year olds nouns are brand names The average American can recognize over 1,000 corporate logos, but fewer than 10 plants and animals native to his/her locality Advertising/PR "Those who manipulate the unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested largely by men we have never heard of. → Advertising/PR In almost every act of our lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. It is they who pull the wires that control the public mind.“ -Edward Bernays, Pioneer of Corporate PR and Propaganda Worrisome Trends Television Average American watches over 4 hours of TV daily Average American child aged 8-18 spends 7.6 hrs/day using an electronic device or watching TV TV sets now outnumber homes in America Channel One (Primedia, for-profit) 12 minutes per day: Includes 2 minutes of ads (mostly for junk foods, video games) Viewed by 8 million students in 12, 000 classrooms Disproportionately shown in low income and minority communities Costs taxpayers $1.8 billion per year Opposed by major education groups Worrisome Trends Public Education in disarray 1/3 of America’s 80,000 schools need extensive repair or replacement Higher Education increasingly expensive Education in America 16% of adults have not completed high school 30% have no schooling beyond high school 27% have attended but not completed college 28% are college graduates Rates vary dramatically across racial and ethnic groups Nation’s Schoolchildren Call For Cuts in Math/Science Funding Academics at Risk Increasing corporatization of academia Private commercial funding of university research: $264 million in 1980 $2 billion in 2001 Secrecy/Pseudoscience AAPG Notable Achievement in Journalism prize to Michael Crichton for State of Fear (which denies global warming) Academics at Risk Including government scientists Subversion of science by Bush Administration Obama administration slow to roll out ethical standards Discourages young scientists Academics at Risk Contingent faculty up from 43% (1079) to 73% today Paid ¼ amount of regular faculty No benefits No job security, opportunities for career advancement Academics at Risk University faculty members spend about 40% of their research time writing grant applications and fulfilling grant paperwork requirements Funding agencies favor worthy but incremental research over risky but potentially transformative work Solutions: Increase research budgets Longer funding cycles Fund people, rather than projects Academics at Risk College tuition up (440% from 1984-2009), administrators’ salaries skyrocketing Average debt for graduating college students = $23,000 For-profit colleges growing, marked by corruption, high interest rates on loans to the un- and under-qualified The Medical Brain Drain Five times as many migrating doctors flow from developing to developed nations than in the opposite direction Example of “inverse care law”: Those countries that need the most health care resources are getting the least Science in the Developing World Lack of scientists in developing world (1/50th of developed world per capita) Impaired access to scientific data (publications/textbooks too expensive, hence information outdated The Media Most media organizations owned by multinational, multi-billion dollar corporations that are involved in a number of businesses apart from the media, such as forestry, pulp and paper mills, defense, real estate, oil wells, agriculture, steel production, railways, and water and power utilities Global Warming: Controversial? Of 928 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 0% were in doubt as to the existence or cause of global warming Of 636 articles in the popular press (NY Times, Washington Post, LA Times, WSJ), 53% expressed doubt as to the existence (and primary cause) of global warming Science 2004;306:1686-7 (Study covers 1993-2003) IPCC / Al Gore share 2007 Nobel Peace Prize The Media 5 corporations control majority of US media (down from 50 in 1983) Mass Media Sources, 2002: 92% white 85% male Where party affiliation identifiable, 75% Republican Predominantly conservative/centrist Lobbying Almost 15,000 full-time lobbyists Estimates of return on lobbying range from $28 to $100 for every $1 spent Lobbying Pharmaceutical lobby spent $1.3 billion on lobbying between 1998 and 2007 (more than any other industry) $110 million in first half of 2010 1,228 lobbyists (2.3 for every member of Congress) Lobbying Lobbying groups spent 3.5 billion in 2010 (federal lobbying, a record) Financial sector spent over $1.7 billion on campaign contributions for federal elections from 1998-2008 All single issue ideological groups combined (e.g., pro-choice, anti-abortion, feminist and consumer organizations, senior citizens, etc.) = $76.2 million Lobbying Agribusiness/oil industry lobbying dwarf environmental lobbying Active lobbying (new laws, not enforce existing laws or fund existing programs) “Lobbying for lethargy” (maintain status quo) Corporate Influence Leads to Large Taxpayer Subsidies to Polluting Industries Mining - $3.6 billion/yr Nuclear power - $10.5 billion/yr Coal - $8 billion/yr Ranching (grazing on public lands) - $52 million/yr Timber (below cost sales of national forest trees) – approx. $350 million/yr Oil and gas - $550 million/yr Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (U.S. Supreme Court, 2010) U.S. Supreme Court rules that corporations can effectively be treated as persons No limits on campaign spending Not persons when it comes to liability for causing harm to the environment or the public’s health Will Rogers “We have the best Congress money can buy.” Privatization of Public Services Roads Public schools Child support enforcement Military Others Iraqi reconstruction, disaster capitalism The Decline of Democracy True democracy demands an informed citizenry (education), freedom of the press (media), and involvement (will, time, money) “Information is the currency of democracy” Thomas Jefferson Colonial Exploitation Cecil Rhodes (Rhodesia, Rhodes Scholarship, DeBeers Mining Company): “We must find new lands from which we can easily obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit the cheap slave labour that is available from the natives of the colonies. The colonies would also provide a dumping ground for the surplus goods produced in our factories.” Colonial Exploitation Winston Churchill (speaking in favor of RAF’s “experimental” bombing of Iraqis in 1920s, which killed 9,000 people with 97 tons of bombs): “I am strongly in favor of using poisoned gas against uncivilized tribes to spread a lively terror…against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment” Colonial Exploitation Christopher Columbus’ log entry upon meeting the Arawaks of the Bahamas: “They…brought us…many…things…They willingly traded everything they owned…They do not bear arms…They would make fine servants…With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.” The US: Rogue Nation History: Native Americans, slavery, current excesses, disparities and injustices Co-opting Nazi and Japanese WWII scientists Minimum 277 troop deployments by the US in its 225+ year history The US: Rogue Nation Since the end of WWII, the US has bombed: China, Korea, Indonesia, Cuba, Guatemala, Congo, Peru, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Grenada, Libya, Panama, Afghanistan, Sudan, Yugoslavia, and Iraq The US: Rogue Nation Conservative estimate = 8 million killed US invasions/bombings often largely at behest of corporate interests European colonial history similar The US: Rogue Nation The US spends vastly more on militarization than on peacemaking The US maintains military bases in 69 “sovereign” nations around the world Continued funding of the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation International NonCooperation/Isolationism Failure to sign or approve: Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Convention on the Prohibition of AntiPersonnel Land Mines International NonCooperation/Isolationism Failure to sign or approve: Treaty to ban cluster bombs Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Convention on the Rights of the Child International NonCooperation/Isolationism Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes UN General Assembly Recognition of Human Right to Water and Sanitation International NonCooperation/Isolationism Failure to sign or approve: Protocol 1, Article 55 of the Geneva Conventions, which bans methods or means of warfare which are intended, or may be expected, to cause widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment International NonCooperation/Isolationism Failure to sign or approve The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (re GM foods) The US: Rogue Nation Death Penalty: US executes more of its citizens than any other country Until recently, the US was the only country to execute both juveniles (ended 2005) and the mentally ill (ended 2002) The US: Rogue Nation Failure to follow World Court Decisions Failure to recognize International Criminal Court Largest debtor to the UN (only 40% of dues paid) The US: Rogue Nation Patriot Act, government spying, revocation of habeas corpus, presidential signing statements Cited by Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International for Human Rights Violations Positive Trends Majority of U.S. citizens rate the environment as one of the most important issues facing the country, think the government is doing too little to safeguard the environment, and favor environmental protection over economic expansion Power/voice of green groups increasing Involvement of religious groups growing Positive Trends Insurance industry urging reductions in global emissions due to dramatic increase in weatherrelated claims Analogy with smoking The “Benefits” of Sterility-Causing Chemicals in the Workplace? 12 September 1977 Dr. Eula Bingham, Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health [Regarding] worker exposure to DBCP. While involuntary sterility caused by a manufactured chemical may be bad, it is not necessarily so. After all, there are many people who are now paying to have themselves sterilized to assure they will no longer be able to become parents... If possible sterility is the main problem, couldn’t workers who were old enough that they no longer wanted to have children accept such positions voluntarily? Or…some [workers] might volunteer for such workposts as an alternative to planned surgery for a vasectomy or tubal ligation, or as a means of getting around religious bans on birth control when they want no more children? Sincerely, Robert K. Phillips, National Peach Council Environmental Success Story The Montreal Protocol (1987) Phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by 1996 Major cause of Antarctic and Arctic ozone holes CFC MDIs phased out in US by 2008 (tetrafluoroethane or HFA = substitute) Should disappear by 2060 Current substitute, HCFCs, much less damaging to ozone layer, also to be phased out REACH Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals European Treaty requiring companies to test chemicals already on the market by a set timetable and test new products before putting them on the market REACH Cost of evaluations < 1% of chemical industry’s total sales Economic analyses show REACH could bring environmental benefits worth €95 billion over the next 25 years and result in health cost savings of €50 billion over the next 30 years Convention on Biological Diversity Calls for: conservation of biological diversity sustainable use Includes Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization - aimed at stopping biopiracy and ensuring that developing countries get their fair and equitable benefits from biodiversity and indigenous knowledge Solutions Based on the Precautionary Principle “When evidence points toward the potential of an activity to cause significant, widespread or irreparable harm to public health or the environment, options for avoiding that harm should be examined and pursued, even though the harm is not yet fully understood or proven” The Precautionary Principle: Practical Essentials Give human and environmental health the benefit of doubt Include appropriate public participation in the discussion Gather unbiased, scientific, technological and socioeconomic information Consider less risky alternatives The Precautionary Principle Endorsed by APHA, ANA, CMA, others Institute of Medicine/National Research Council have endorsed for FDA policies Puerto Rico, San Francisco have adopted, among others Big business, US Chamber of Commerce oppose The Four Laws of Ecology Barry Commoner 1. Everything is Connected to Everything Else. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all. 2. Everything Must Go Somewhere. There is no "waste" in nature and there is no “away” to which things can be thrown. The Four Laws of Ecology Barry Commoner 3. Nature Knows Best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change in a natural system is likely to be detrimental to that system. 4. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. Everything comes from something. There's no such thing as spontaneous existence. Solutions Shift from a throw-away economy to a reduce/reuse/recycle economy Support local economies Rebuild decaying infrastructure Enhance fair trade policies Solutions Recognize nature’s net worth Calculate economic prosperity based on Genuine Progress Index or Global Happiness Index, rather than Gross Domestic Product Participatory economics (with component of natural economics) – aka Parecon Ground-up system Solutions Decrease energy consumption Zero waste production systems Extended producer responsibility / Extended product liability Solutions Production-side environmentalism (reducing “planned obsolescence”) Recycling laws Only 11 states have bottle deposit laws (recycling rates 63% vs. 12% in those without) Pharmaceutical Take-Back Laws Combat the spread of illegal, dangerous black market pharmaceuticals Solutions Restructure tax system Decrease taxes on work and savings Increase capital gains tax from 15% to (at least) prior 25% rate Resume transaction tax on stock sales/purchases Increase taxes on destructive activities (e.g., carbon emissions, toxic waste generation) Solutions Greater regulation of financial markets Eliminate confidential legal settlements relevant to public health and safety Stronger clean air and water standards Revise and update TSCA Solutions Drink tap water Incredibly cheap and, in the US, almost always safe Exceptions include private well water, from which 15% of Americans get their drinking water Not regulated by Safe Drinking Water Act 40% contaminated to some degree with arsenic, radon, nitrates Solutions Eat less meat It takes 12 lbs of grain and 2500 gallons of water to produce one lb of hamburger Catch-share agreements to decrease overfishing Eliminate fossil fuel industry tax breaks and subsidies Solutions Carpooling Keep car longer > ½ of energy consumption attributable to vehicles occurs during manufacturing Solutions Sweden plans to be world’s first oil-free economy by 2020 EU to cut CO2 emissions 20% by 2020 UK committed to 80% reduction by 2050 California mandates 25% cut in global warming gasses by 2020 Solutions EPA to regulate carbon emissions under Clean Air Act (2011) Climate Security Act: weaknesses include unfair “cap and trade” provisions, carbon capture and storage (CCS) EPA rules re mercury, coal ash pending Solutions Solar and wind power; appropriate biofuels (i.e., cellulosic ethanol, algal bio-diesel; not food crops), not CCS (carbon capture and storage) or nuclear CCS raises specter of Lake Chad, Lake Nyos, and Lake Monoun disasters Implies dangers likely to be associated with carbon capture and storage Solutions Increase tax breaks, subsidies, research for renewable energy Renewable energy now 3% of transportation fuel market (ethanol) and 9% of the electricity market (wind, solar, biomass) Solutions Streamline EPA -25% of 14 billion superfund payouts have gone to lawyers and consultants Composting / Recycling organic wastes Safe disposal of pharmaceuticals Europe, Canada have take-back systems Shift medical research agenda Solutions Decrease light pollution ($2 billion energy wasted per year) and see the stars! 2/3 of US population and over ½ of EU population can’t see Milky Way -Czechoslovakian anti-light pollution law Solutions Insulation Energy-efficient lighting Europe bans incandescent lightbulbs (2009) Australia mandates use of compact fluorescent lightbulbs by 2012 Solutions Decrease excessive packaging 15¢/plastic bag tax in Ireland ↓’d use by 90% San Francisco, Mexico City have outlawed plastic bags Canada, China, and 4 other countries have banned Safe storage of nuclear wastes Green electricity - $3/month Solutions Sustainable forest management Plant trees The average urban tree removes nearly one ton of greenhouse gas during its first 40 years of life Stop receiving catalogues contact Direct Marketing Association Solutions Prevent Congress from weakening NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) Requires federal officials to conduct environmental impact assessments; allows citizens to challenge the government’s conclusions Oppose Congressional attempts to create “Sunset Commissions” with the power to review federal programs and recommend which programs live, die, or get realigned Solutions Punish environmental scofflaws with large fines and jail time Increase enforcement budgets to combat international environmental crime Establish International Court of the Environment Alien Tort Claims Act designed to hold corporations accountable for human rights abuses overseas Solutions Bioprospecting Ecotourism Rewilding (Contemporary vs. Pleistocene) Solutions More equitable distribution of medical research funds and health care dollars Worldwide In U.S. Every $1 invested in community-based programs to increase physical activity, improve nutrition, and prevent tobacco use saves $5.60 in health care costs Solutions Reverse medical and scientific brain drain Programs for education and return to home country Eliminate unnecessary health care waste; reuse/send overseas hospital and surgical supplies Open-access publication (see Dr Gavin Yamey’s slide show on the “Activism and Education” page of the phsj website Solutions Federal Research Public Access Act Would require federal agencies that fund over $100 million in external research/yr to make their study results publicly available on-line Currently before Congress Solutions Strengthen family planning programs Decrease “demand” for large families education status of women child mortality Solutions: Fair, Representative Elections Publicly financed campaigns and campaign finance reform Open debates, free air time for candidates Proportional representation Instant runoff voting/cumulative voting/range (rating) voting Solutions: Living Wage Over 140 municipalities have adopted living wage laws Including NY, LA, Chicago, and Philadelphia 15 states now have minimum wages that exceed the federal requirement Solutions: Maximum Wage French- and British-proposed income-cap legislation (“maximum wage”) U.S. proposals to create maximum wage of $400,000 (president’s salary) 25X annual pay of the lowest-paid federal worker Patriot Corporations Act would cap pay at 100X pay of lowest paid worker Solutions Join and contribute to environmental and social justice groups (Greenpeace, Doctors without Borders) Local Land grassroots groups especially good purchases Litigation (e.g., EJLDF, NRDC) Solutions Green investing -returns as good or better than the S & P 500 Terror-free investing Celebrities/Jocks for Justice Solutions Activism / Letter writing / Protesting / Whistleblowing US Supreme court ruled in 2006 (Garcetti v. Ceballos) that public employees have no freespeech rights re whistleblowing and no constitutional protections against retaliation by bosses Join community groups – become involved in local as well as national issues The health impact pyramid Frieden, T. R. Am J Public Health 2010;100:590-595 Copyright ©2010 American Public Health Association “Western science and efficiency has made major contributions to minor needs” - Buddhist Monk, quoted in Wade Davis’ The Wayfarers Günter Grass “The first job of a citizen is to keep your mouth open.” Mahatma Gandhi “You must be the change you wish to see in the world.” Edward R Murrow “A nation of sheep will beget a government of wolves” Margaret Mead “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed people can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has." Solutions: Vote US voter turnout low (139/172 worldwide) Wealthy vote at almost twice rate of poor Whites > Blacks > Hispanics Old > Young Property owners > Renters Voter Turnout Solutions Campaign finance reform Fair, representative elections Publicly financed campaigns Better candidates Solutions Increased exposure to nature Improvements in education Multidisciplinary Literature History Law Photography Community Service The Role of Literature Vicarious experience Explore diverse philosophies Promotes empathy, critical thinking, flexibility, non-dogmatism, self-knowledge Encourages creative thinking Allows for group discussion/debate Why Use Literature Encourage appreciation of non-medical literature Develop reading, analytical, speaking and writing skills Promote ethical thinking (narrative ethics) Identification with authors who are health professionals (e.g., Keats, Chekhov, Maugham, Williams, Sanger, Nightingale, etc.) Homelessness Doris Lessing “An Old Woman and Her Cat” From the Doris Lessing Reader (New York: Knopf, 1988) Race and Access to Care Ernest J Gaines “The Sky is Gray” in Gray, Marion Secundy, ed. Trials,Tribulations, and Celebrations: African American Perspectives on Health, Illness, Aging and Loss. Yarmouth, Maine: Intercultural Press, 1992 Poverty Orwell, George. How the Poor Die. In Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, eds. The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letter of George Orwell, IV; In Front of Your Nose, 1945-1950. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc: pp.223-233. Checkhov, Anton. Letter to AF Koni, January 26, 1891, Letter to AS Survivor, March 9, 1890. In Norman Cousins, ed. The Physician in Literature Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1982. Eighner, Lars. Phlebitis: At the Public Hospital. In Travels with Lizbeth. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. “Activist” Journals American Journal of Public Health Public Citizen’s Health Letter PNHP Newsletter Mother Jones Harpers Z Magazine Hightower Lowdown “Activist” Journals Rachel’s Democracy and Health News Rachel’s Precaution Reporter Sierra The Amicus Journal Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Multinational Monitor Dollars and Sense Some articles in NEJM, JAMA, JGIM, SSM, Policy, Politics, and Nurs Prac, others Contact Information and References Public Health and Social Justice Website http://www.phsj.org martindonohoe@phsj.org