Struggles in Southern
Africa
Page 622-627
Chapter 23 Section 4
Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule
 Age of Imperialism
 1890’s Cecil Rhodes took control of Southern Rhodesa
 Whites made up 5% of population owned half the land and
controlled the government
 Nationalism swept through the 1960’s
 Rhodesians rejected any move to give up power to the black
majority.
 Conservative whites led by Ian Smith declared
Independence in 1965.
Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule
{Armed Struggle}
 Nationalist waged guerilla war achieving majority rule.
 Robert Mugabe and Josh Nkomo were their leaders.
 There was a lot of suffering.
 Guerrilla win more successes and whites fled
 1980 Southern Rhodesia became the nation of
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule
{Rebuilding}
 International sanctions damaged the economy
 Mugabe won power over Nkomo and was elected
president
 2000’s encouraged violent seizure and white owned
farms.
 Massive food shortages and growing international
pressure against the autocratic leader.
South Africa's Long Struggle
 1910 South Africa won self rule from Britain.
 Freedom was limited to white settlers.
 Whites made up less than 20% of population.
South Africa's Long Struggle
{Afrikaner Nationalism}
 After WWII thousands of blacks moved to towns and
cities.
 Demands for equality came from Africa.
 1948 Afrikaner National Party won majority in the
“Whites-only” parliament.
 Under apartheid South Africans were registered by
race.
 Designed to give whites control over South Africa.
South Africa's Long Struggle
{Apartheid in Action}
 Non-whites had restrictions
 Blacks had to have permission to:
•
•
•
•
•
Travel
Move
Eat in specific restaurants
Go to Beaches
Go to Schools & other public place's
 Low wages and less schooling was given to blacks.
South Africa's Long Struggle
{Black Resistance}
 Black South Africans Protested apartheid.
 1912 ANC was created, African National Congress opposed white
domination.
 1950’s boycott’s, marches, and strikes were held.
 1960’s policed gunned down 69 men women and children taking part
in a peaceful demonstration.
 Because of this the ANC was outlawed.
 ANC activists shift from nonviolent protest to armed struggle.
 Nelson Mandela went underground.
South Africa's Long Struggle
{Mandela’s Struggle}
 Mandela a young lawyer helped organize the ANC youth league.
 Mandela joined ANC militants who called for arm struggle against
white minority government.
 Early 1960’s Mandela was arrested, tried, and condemned to life in
prison for conspiracy.
 After 27 years in prison often in isolation he remained popular leader
and symbol against the struggle vs partheid.
 Many wanted him to be released.
 1984 black Angelican bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace
Prize for his nonviolent opposition toward the apartheid.
South Africa's Long Struggle
{Toward Reform}
 1985 protests and growing violence forced government
to imposed a state of emergency.
 Government was questioned
 1989 F.W de Klerk boldly accepted the need for reform
 He lifted the ban on the ANC
 He freed Mandela
 The negotiated reforms.
South Africa's Long Struggle
{Majority Rule}
 1994 South Africa held the 1st Multicultural election.
 All races and ages voted, Nelson Mandela was elected
president of the New Democratic South Africa.
 His speech after his win resembled Martin Luther King
Jr. “We can Loudly proclaim from the rooftops: free at
last!”
The New South Africa

Mandela welcomed former political enemies into his government.

Mandela promised better treatment for the black majority.

Though it was difficult Mandela worked through it

South Africa was was a rich country with a strong industrial base, but could only afford so much.

Gap between whites and blacks was large.

Whites owned ¾ the land & blacks had high unemployment rates.

Mandela brought peace, prestige and democratic to his country.

1999 Thabo Mbeki was elected to presidency.

Mbeki faced crime, poverty, AIDS
Other Nations of Southern Africa
{Namibia}
 1920 South Africa received German Southwest Africa as a
mandate from the League of Nations
 After WWII South Africa was asked to prepare territory for
independence.
 South Africa backed oppressive regime run by the white minority.
 1960’s Southwest African People Organization turned to armed
struggle to win independence.
 Cold War, Soviet Union, and Cuba landed support from SWAPO.
 1990 Namibia celebrated independence.
Other Nations of Southern Africa
{Portuguese Colonies}
 Britain and France met national demands in African
possessions.
 Portugal clung Angola & Mozambique.
 1960’s Antonio Salazar rejected African demands for
freedom
 1974 Army coup in Portugal toppled dictatorship of
Salazar’s successors.
 New Portuguese Government agreed to withdraw from
Southern Africa.
Other Nations of Southern Africa {Wars
Continue}
 South Africa aided rebel groups to get power.
 1975-1992nearly a million people died due to wars
famines, & economic collapse.
 The economy improved
 Angola a civil war continued for many years.
 50,00 Cuban Troops went to fight in Angola.
 Even after the cold war the civil war continued the
death of one rival leader in 2002 increased a new
peace initiative ending the struggle.
Outlook and Gains
{Education and Health Care}
 Governments set up more school and enrollment rates
increased.
 Women were hardly educated when they were it was
only elementary level.
 They were still needed to help with housework and
chores.
 African Nations tried to improve health care.
 Population growth had profound effects on standards of
living.
Outlook and Gains
{Economic Opportunity}
 Africa has enormous potential growth.
 1990’s nations learned from failed policies of the past.
 Free market reform countries like Ghana enjoyed
economic growth.
 Mining and manufacturing were expanded. Along with
communication & transportation networks.
Outlook and Gains
{Cultural Influence}
 Literature, film, & arts Africans contributed to global
culture.
 African writers reached others in many languages,
 Africans and African Diaspora a.k.a African descended
citizens from other lands shaped the culture of the
century.
 Musical forms such as Jazz, blues, reggae, samba.
REVIEW!!
 Robert Mugabe leader of Guerrilla war.
 Joshua Nkomo leader of Guerilla war.
 African National Congress- opposed white domination.
 Nelson Mandela-enemy of government thrown in jail for
many years for his beliefs.
 F.W. de Klerk- lifted the ban on the ANC, he freed Mandela,
negotiated reforms.
 Southwest African People’s Organization-helped in the fight
in the cold war I the struggle to gain independence.