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Four basic racial categories
- Native: indigenous African
- White
- Coloured: mixed heritage, not treated as badly as blacks
- Asian

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Sometimes people of the same family were classified differently
Imposed after the election of 1948 when a new political party came to power
- Favored the right of Afrikaners (Dutch descent)
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Gender discrimination as well

Population Registration Act 1950: All people had to have identity cards specifying their race
Group Areas Act 1950: People could live only in areas designated for their race
- Native and Coloured residents forcibly removed
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949 and
Immorality Act 1950
Video Interview

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953: Exactly what is sounds like
Suppression of Communism Act 1950: Anyone speaking against Apartheid could be declared
Communist
Bantu Education Act 1953: Separate education systems
- Education for Blacks would prepare them to be laborers
Other Bantu Acts: Steps to remove blacks from government

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By 1970 all non-white representation in government was eliminated
- “native” and “coloured” residents were not even considered citizens anymore
- “asians” had never been allowed to vote
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Many people were forced to move to designated
“homelands” or “bantustans”
- There were ten, related to tribe

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Liberation organization with particular power in
South Africa
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Some resented the power that some white liberals had in the ANC
Tied to the South African Communist Party
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- Eventually declared a Communist organization
Umkhonto we Sizwe was the violent militant wing
Still the dominant political party in South Africa

Go Over Homework- Selections from the Freedom
Charter

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Formed by members who left the ANC
- Wanted an organization with purely black leadership
- Objected to connection with other organizations
- Objected to the 1955 “Freedom Charter”
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Used the same tactics as the ANC with different end vision of S. Africa

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ANC staged “Defiance Campaign” in 1952 to protest apartheid
- Mass strikes and boycotts
- Died out in 1953 after thousands of arrests
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Protests such as the 1960 demonstration in
Sharpeville
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Church Street Bombing 1983
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Negotiated with the S. African government to repeal laws and, in 1994, allow free elections

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In 1960 the U.N. agreed to put pressure on S.
Africa to end Apartheid
- Why at this time? What happened in 1960?
- More official condemnations between 1962 and 1974
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U.N. passed voluntary arms embargo in 1963 and made it mandatory in 1977
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25 nations, including U.S. and Britain passed sanctions by the late 1980's

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S. Africa banned from the 1964 and 1968 Olympic games
- George Houser an important American figure in organizing support for boycotts
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32 Countries boycotted the 1986 Commonwealth
Games
Most nations did not lift sporting bans till 1993

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Both helped plan the “Defiance Campaign”
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Both helped organize and lead Umkhonto we Sizwe
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Sisulu went around the world to get support for the
ANC
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Sisulu spend 26 years in jail
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Tambo was banned by the S. African government from 1959-1990

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Mandela and Tambo opened the only African law firm in S. Africa
Major figure behind the “defiance campaign”
In prison from 1962-1990
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- became an international celebrity when he turned 60 in 1978
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Led negotiations with white government from
1990-1994
Elected the first president of democratic S. Africa

Turning Point: Mandela is released from prison in 1990