Slide 1
10
Motivation and Emotion
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 2
Motivation and Emotion
Definitions
• Motivation – internal state that activate and
gives direction to thoughts
– Biological: internal physiological state
• Internal factors and external cues
• Emotion – positive or negative feelings
– Biological changes (physiological arousal) and
characteristic behavior
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 3
Motivation and Emotion
Primary Motives
• Biological needs
– Food, water, warmth, safety, and sex
– Homeostasis – biological thermostats regulated
by homeostasis mechanisms
• Hunger – regulation of food intake
– Hypothalamus (lateral, ventromedial,
and paraventricular)
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Slide 4
Motivation and Emotion
Hunger
• Hyperphagia – no satiety center
• Normal hunger cues
– Stomach contractions
– Blood sugar levels - glucose helps
regulate hunger; glucagon enters blood
stream and no more hunger
– Body fat levels – set point to reduce
eating; increase cell metabolism
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Slide 5
Motivation and Emotion
Hunger
• Psychological factors
–
–
–
–
Maturation and learning by experience
Religious and cultural beliefs
Emotions
Incentives and rewards
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Motivation and Emotion
Slide 6
Thirst: Regulation of Water Intake
• Biological regulation: cues to hypothalamus
– Mouth dryness
– Cell fluid levels chemically signal pituitary
gland and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enters
blood stream
– Total blood volume affects kidneys
• Blood vessels contract
• Angiotensin released into blood
• Psychological factors in thirst
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 7
Motivation and Emotion
Psychological Motives
• Desire for novel stimulation
– Example: rat in T-maze seeks novel area
• Needs as related to one’s happiness and
well-being
• Optimal arousal theory – need to maintain
optimal level of arousal in nervous system
– Linked to brain’s reticular formation and
sympathetic division of autonomic nervous
system
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 8
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
T-maze
like those
used to
study
stimulus
motivation
in rats
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 9
Motivation and Emotion
Psychological Motives
• Arousal and performance
– Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Affiliation motivation
– All humans have need to be social
– Theories on need for affiliation
• Need gained through learning experiences
• Affiliative behaviors positively reinforced
• Need for emotional comfort in trying times
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Slide 10
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Simple task
High
Efficiency of
performance
Efficiency of
performance
High
Complex task
Low
Low
Low
High
Level of arousal
Low
High
Level of arousal
If arousal is too low, performance will be inadequate; if it’s too
high, performance may become disrupted and disorganized.
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Motivation and Emotion
Slide 11
Achievement Motivation
• Psychological need to succeed in school,
work, and other areas of life
– Controversy on how individuals define success
– Elliot and Church’s study
• Mastery goals (intrinsically motivated)
• Performance-approach goals (work harder
to gain respect of others)
• Performance-avoidance goals (worker
harder to avoid being looked down on by
others)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 12
Motivation and Emotion
Motivation Theories
• Opponent-process theory of acquired
motives (Solomon)
– Craving diverse things results from
• Every positive feeling is follwed by
contrasting negative feeling and vice versa
• Any positive or negative feeling experienced
many times in succession loses its intensity
(example: parachute jumping)
• Sees drug addiction and withdrawal
symptoms in same way
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Motivation and Emotion
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
• Intrinsic – motivated by inherent nature of
an activity (ie: make oneself feel good)
– Affected by how praise is given
• Extrinsic – motivation is external to the
activity, not inherent (get a raise in pay)
– Must be desired by the person to be a motivator
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 13
Motivation and Emotion
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives
• Human needs organized; arranged from
most basic to personal and advanced needs
• Lower needs must be met first or higher
needs cannot operate
• Exceptions to hierarchy
– Cannot explain suicide bombers and martyrs
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 14
Slide 15
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Maslow’s hierarchy of motives
Self-esteem (accepting
of self as you are)
Safety (low risk
of physical harm)
Self-actualization
(ethics, philosophical
and artistic expression)
Love and
belonging
(loving, being
loved, social
relationships)
Biological (food,
water, sleep, sex)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 16
Motivation and Emotion
Emotions
• Experiences giving color, meaning, and
intensity to life
– Darwin – inherent through natural selection
(adaptation to survive and desire to reproduce)
– Watson and Tellegen’s map of emotions
• Good way to organize – use of opposites
• Based on James’ flight or fight concepts
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Watson and Tellegen’s emotional map
High
Positive
Emotion
High
Negative
Emotion
Fearful
Elated
Surprised
Angry
Sad
Happy
Relaxed
Sluggish
Low
Negative
Emotion
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Low
Positive
Emotion
Slide 17
Motivation and Emotion
Slide 18
Three Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange Theory
– Emotional stimulus processed and produced
reactions, brain receives and produces emotions
– Cannon’s criticisms
•
•
•
•
People with severed spinal columns have emotions
Visceral organs respond too slowly to stress
Similar physiological reactions for many emotions
Artificial stimulation of visceral organs produces no
emotions
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Slide 19
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Cortex
Thalamus
Limbic system
Stimulus
Bodily reaction
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Conscious
emotional
experiences
are caused by
feedback to
the cerebral
cortex from
physiological
reactions and
behavior.
Slide 20
Motivation and Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
• Cannon
– Emotional stimulus process
simultaneously in brain and
autonomic nervous system
– Emotional experience and
physiological arousal are two
independent events
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 21
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Cortex
Thalamus
Limbic system
Stimulus
Bodily reaction
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Conscious
emotional
experiences and
physiological
reactions and
behavior are
relatively
independent
events.
Slide 22
Motivation and Emotion
Cognitive Theory
• Cognitive interpretation of emotional
stimuli (from inside and outside the body)
– Step I – interpretation of incoming stimuli
– Step II – interpretation of body stimuli
– Schachter and Singer’s classic study – how
subjects cognitively interpret arousal under
different circumstances
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 23
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Cognitive Theory of Emotion
Cortex
Thalamus
Limbic system
Stimulus
Bodily reaction
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Cognitive
interpretation
of events in the
outside world
and stimuli
from our own
bodies is the
key factor in
emotions.
Motivation and Emotion
The Physiology of Emotion
• Lie detectors – polygraph test
– Physiological measurements taken (sweating,
blood pressure, heart and breathing rate, and
muscle tension)
– Based on guilty knowledge test
– Good results but error rate too high to accept –
banned in federal courts as evidence
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 24
Motivation and Emotion
Role of Learning and Culture
in Emotions
• Most believe basic emotions are inborn
– Children born blind and deaf show normal
emotional reactions
• Two ways culture affects emotions
– Learning influences emotional expressions
– Culture influences interpretation of different
situations; reactions correspond accordingly
• Cultural differences are important
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 25
Motivation and Emotion
Slide 26
The Pursuit of Happiness
• What makes a person happy??
– Little correlation between person’s income and
happiness in affluent countries
– People with many friends generally happier than
those without friends; married tend to be happier
than singles on average
– Employment is major factor in happiness
– Evidence mixed on religion’s link to happiness
– Optimistic people are happier than pessimists
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 27
Motivation and Emotion
Human Diversity
• Cultural differences in happiness
– Clear differences in happiness
• Stable democracies and high incomes
happier than those in other circumstances
• Collective societies (ie: Japan) less likely to
exaggerate their level of happiness
– Strong association between personality traits
and happiness
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 28
Motivation and Emotion
Aggression
• Very important topic
– Animal species not as violent as humans
– Humans commit intentional murders, family
violence, child abuse, and other such acts
– Complex phenomenon with both motivational
and emotional aspects
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 29
Motivation and Emotion
Aggression
• Freud’s instinct theory
– Biological view – survival of the fittest
– Man is predator with natural instinct to survive
– Instinctual aggressive energy must be released
– catharsis
– Society’s should encourage nonviolent catharsis
of aggressive energy (ie: sports?)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Motivation and Emotion
Slide 30
Frustration-Aggression Theory
• Aggression is natural reaction to frustration
– Frustration results in anger and aggression
– Anything aversive increases likelihood of
aggression
• Unusually high summer temperatures linked
to rates of serious and deadly assaults
• Could global warming be linked to increased
rates of serious and deadly assaults?
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 31
Motivation and Emotion
Social Learning Theory
• Conflicts with Freud’s ideas
– People learn by watching others’ behaviors and
the consequences following those behaviors
– Rewarding aggressive behaviors communicates
success and they are likely to be imitated
• Concerns about violent materials in books,
on television, and violent role models
• Aggressive punishment will not decrease
violence but serve as a model to follow
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Motivation and Emotion
Cognitive Theory of Aggression
• Five beliefs that foster war and aggression
–
–
–
–
–
Superiority
Victims of injustice
Vulnerability
Distrust
Helplessness
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Slide 32
Slide 33
Motivation and Emotion
Violent Youth Gangs
• Long standing urban gang problem in U.S.
– Staub combines frustration-aggression and social
learning theories
• Problem begins at home; aggressive parent
punishes and then gives up efforts on child
• Freedom to spend with gangs; child finds
others rejected by family
• Aggressive gang redefine values and beliefs
• Gang encourages and rewards aggression
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 34
Motivation and Emotion
10
The End
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved