Chapter 10: BLOOD
10.1.1 - Describe the composition and volume of whole blood.
 Blood
 The only ___________ tissue in the human body
 Taste, Odor, 5x thicker than water
 Classified as a connective tissue
 Living cells = ___________ elements
 Non-living matrix = plasma (90% water)
 Physical Characteristics of Blood
 Color range
 Oxygen-rich blood is ___________
 Oxygen-poor blood is ___________
 pH must remain between 7.35–7.45
 Slightly alkaline
 Blood temperature is slightly ___________ than body
temperature
 5-6 Liters or about 6 quarts /body
 Composition of Blood
 ___________ is plasma
 ___________ is formed elements (cells)
10.1.2 - Describe the composition of plasma and discuss its
importance in the body.
 Blood Plasma
 Composed of approximately 90 percent ___________
 Includes many dissolved substances
 Nutrients ___________ (metal ions)
 Ex._______
 Respiratory gases (________________)
 Hormones
 Proteins, Waste products (urea, uric acid)
 Plasma Proteins
 Albumin – regulates ___________ pressure
 Clotting proteins – help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
 ___________ – help protect the body from antigens
10.1.3 - List the cell types making up the formed elements, and describe the major functions of each type.
 Formed Elements
 Erythrocytes = red blood cells
 Leukocytes = ___________ cells
 Platelets = cell fragments
 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
 The main function is to carry ___________
 Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
 Biconcave disks
 Essentially bags of ___________
 Anucleate (no nucleus)
 Contain very few ___________
 Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
 Hemoglobin

___________ -containing protein




 Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
 Each hemoglobin molecule has ___________ oxygen binding sites
 Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
 Crucial in the body’s defense against ___________
 These are complete cells, with a nucleus and
organelles
 Able to move ___________ ___________ of
blood vessels (diapedesis)
 Can respond to chemicals released by damaged
tissues
Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
 ___________ levels = 4,000 to 11,000 cells/ml
 Abnormal leukocyte levels
 ___________
 Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
 Generally indicates an infection
 Leukopenia
 Abnormally low leukocyte level
 Commonly caused by certain ___________
Types of Leukocytes
 Granulocytes

___________ in their cytoplasm can be stained
 Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
 Neutrophils
 Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
 Act as phagocytes at active sites of ___________
 Eosinophils
 Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
 Found in repsonse to ___________ and parasitic
worms
 Basophils
 Have histamine-containing granules
 Initiate ___________
 Agranulocytes

___________ visible cytoplasmic granules
 Include lymphocytes and monocytes
 Lymphocytes

___________ fills most of the cell
 Play an important role in the immune response
 Monocytes

___________ of the white blood cells
 Function as macrophages
 Important in fighting chronic infection
Platelets
 Derived from ___________ multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
 Needed for the clotting process
 Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
10.1.4 - Define anemia, polycythemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis, and list possible causes for each
condition.
 Anemia
 a ___________ in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood for any reason
 a lower-than-normal number of ___________
 abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the RBCs such as sickle-cell anemia
 Polycythemia
 an excessive or abnormal ___________ in the number of erythrocytes
 may result from bone marrow cancer or a normal physiological response to living at ___________
where air is thinner and therefore less oxygen is available
 excessive RBCs increases blood viscosity causing it to flow sluggishly in the body and impairs
circulation
 Leukocytosis
 a total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3
 generally indicated that a ___________
___________ infection is stewing in the body
10.1.5 - Explain the role of the hemocytoblast.
 Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell Formation
 Occurs in red bone marrow
 All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (
____________________ )
 Fate of Erythrocytes
 Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
 Wear out in ___________ days
 When worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the
spleen or liver
 Lost cells are replaced by division of stem cells
 Development differs for each type but once the cell is
committed to a specific blood pathway, it cannot
___________
 ___________ form two types of descendants that
form all the other cells
 lymphoid stem cells that result in lymphocytes and
___________ stem cells that result in all other types
10.2.1 - Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups.
10.2.2 - Explain the basis for a transfusion reaction.
 Blood Groups and Transfusions
 Large losses of blood have serious consequences
 Loss of _______________ percent causes weakness
 Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal
 _______________ are the only way to replace blood quickly
 Transfused blood must be of the same blood group
 Human Blood Groups
 Blood contains genetically determined proteins
 A foreign protein (_______________ ) may be attacked by the immune system
 Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to_______________
(agglutination)
 There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens
 The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by _______________ blood group antigens
 ABO Blood Groups
 Based on the presence or absence of two ____________
 Type A
 Type B
 The lack of these antigens is called _______________
 ABO Blood Groups
 The presence of both A and B is called type ______
 The presence of either A or B is called types A and B, respectively
 Rh Blood Groups
 Named because of the presence or absence of one of _______________ _________(agglutinogen D)
 Most Americans are Rh+
 Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with ___________ blood
 Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 Danger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the ________ factor
 The mismatch of an Rh– mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child
 The first pregnancy usually proceeds _______________ problems
 The immune system is _______________ after the first pregnancy
 In a second pregnancy, the mother’s _______________ system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+
blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
 Blood Typing
 Blood samples are mixed with
anti-A and anti-B ____________
 Coagulation or no coagulation
leads to determining blood type
 Typing for ABO and Rh factors is
done in the same manner
 Cross matching – testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by
the recipient’s serum, and vice
versa