 Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth

 Early human development occurred during the
Paleolithic Period
 Origins in Africa



Hominids
Anatomically modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens) develop about 150,000 years ago
Begin migrations

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2cHuma nevop2.sht
ml
Lucy http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v2/n2/they-lovelucy

Settlement of Australia: Approximately 60,000 BCE
Settlement of Eurasia: Approximately 50,000 BCE
Settlement of Americas: Approximately 14,000 BCE

 Hunting-foraging
 Nomadic
 Small groups based on bonds of kinship
 Relatively Egalitarian
 Adaptation to local environment
 Development of stone tools
 Use of fire for cooking, warmth, and deterring predators

 No written language
 Evidence of culture seen in cave paintings, artifacts, and human remains
 Evidence of primitive, simple religion
 Lack of developed material culture
 Although groups were adapted to their specific environment, hunter-foragers did interact with each other and engage in exchange of ideas and goods

 The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

 Neolithic: New Stone Age
 Began approx. 10,000 years ago
 Use of stone tools for agricultural production
 Most likely the result of climate change
 Domestication of plant and animal species
 See map on page 9 in textbook
 First began in the Eastern Mediterranean

http://huberb.people.cofc.edu/ANTH%20101%20Huber's%20Introduction%20to%20Anthropology.html

 Gradual process and dependent upon the geography
 Not all societies develop agriculture
 See map on page 9 of textbook.
 Agricultural centers emerged in:
 Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River, Papua New
Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes

 Emerged in grasslands (steppes)
 Central Eurasia and parts of Africa
 Animal husbandry
 Mobile lifestyle
 Wealth measured in livestock

 Greater degree of complexity and cooperation
 More reliable food sources
 Population densities increase
 Permanent settlements
 Religion becomes more complex
 Some matrilineal, others patrilineal
 Trade developed between and among early agricultural settlements

http://www.americanneopaganism.com/ancientp agantimeline.htm
http://howardbloom.net/reinventing_capitalism/ http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/en try/Catal_Huyuk http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Image:CatalHoyukSouthArea.JPG

 Dramatic impact on the environment
 Erosion
 Clearing of forests for farmland
 Desertification
 Overgrazing of pastureland

 Increase in human population
 Increase in disease
 Craft specialization
 Social Stratification
 Patriarchy

 Technological innovations were developed to improve agricultural production, trade, and transportation
 Key examples:
 Pottery




Plows
Woven textiles
Metallurgy
Wheels and wheeled vehicles http://www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/po ttery.htm

The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural,
Pastoral, and Urban Societies

 Core and foundational civilizations emerged in the following:






Mesopotamia
Egypt
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
Shang China
Olmec
Chavin
 Map quiz: Students will take a quiz to identify the core and foundational civilizations.

http://www.unionparishschools.org/rivervalleyciv/interest.htm

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images2/mapane.jpg

http://www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/images/map_e1
_l.gif

http://www.rivervalleycivilizations.com/indus.php

http://www.chinahighlights.com/image/map/ancient/shang-dynasty-map1.gif

http://theresaclarkintdis4.blogspot.com/2009/09/week-
6.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin-small.png

 State: a sovereign political entity which contains a stable population, defined territory, and established government
 Control over larger territory, population, and resources
 Divine Right
 Military

 Competition for land and resources
 Geography
 Bronze
 Iron
 Horses
 Chariots
 Composite bows http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hyksos.aspx

 Polytheism: Belief in many gods
 Most common
 Vedic Religion becomes basis of Hinduism
 Monotheism: Belief in one god


Hebrews
Zoroastrianism (Persian Empire)

 Local, regional, and transregional trade
 Exchange of goods, cultural ideas, and technology
 Examples:


Egypt and Nubia
Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley