Middle Ages
After the Fall
• The Decline Roman empire lead to an era
called the Middle ages
Invasion affect in Europe
• Constant invasions and constant welfare lead to:
– Disruption on trade
– Downfall of cities
– Population shift
Disruption on Trade
• Invasion cause a
collapse in trading.
• Money became scarce
Downfall of cites
• Cities abandoned as centers of government
Population shift
• Nobles left cities and went to rural areas
– City dwellers left with the leadership to grow their
own food
• Population becomes mostly rural
Germanic invaders
•
•
•
•
Could not read or write
Different languages spring up
Lived in small communities
Family ties and personal loyalty made it hard
to establish an orderly government
The church
• Most priests and church officials could read
and write
• Churches provided stability during the Middle
ages
• Their authority grew
Monasteries
• Monasteries- a religious community
– Monks learned to read and write
– Opened schools
– Maintained libraries
– Copied books
• Help spread Christianity
The Church authority
• Pope became secular leader
– Secular- Worldy, power involved in politics
– The entire western roman empire fell under the
pope’s authority
• Spiritual kingdom
Feudalism
Feudal society
• Based on mutual obligations
• In exchange for military
service a lord grants land
(fief) to a vassal (a person
receiving a fief)
• Control depended on the
amount of land one
controlled
Feudal System
•
•
•
•
Kings
Nobles (also priest)
Knights
Landless peasants
Feudal society
•
•
•
•
Social classes well defined
Born into the class
Most people were serfs
Could not lawfully leave the place they were
born
Manor
• Manor-the lords estate
• Depended on a set of
rights and obligations
between a lord and his
serf
• Self sufficient community
The Franks
• The Franks emerged as
the leading force in
Gaul
Clovis
• Clovis was their leader
– Wife urged him to convert
to Christianity
– 496-in fighting against an
another Germanic tribe
Clovis appealed to the
Christian god
• Wins
• Asked bishop to baptize his
army
The Church Response
• The church in Rome welcomes Clovis
conversion and supported his military
campaigns
• Alliance between the Frankish kings and the
church begins
Charlemagne
• 771 Charlemagne seized control of the Gaul
kingdom
– Conquered new lands (most of western Europe)
– Becomes most powerful king in Europe
Charlemagne and the Church
• Went to Rome to crush an unruly mob that
attacked the pope
– Crowned Emperor
• The pope claimed political right to crown an
emperor
Governing the Empire
• Limited the Nobles
– Had Royal agents to make sure nobles govern
their countries fairly
• Regularly visited every part of the kingdom
Cultural Revival
• Encouraged learning
• Opened school that were to train future
monks and priest
• Built more churches
• Built roads to connect the empire
Germanic tribes migration
• Anglos and the Saxons migrated from the
continent of Europe to England
• Magyars migrated from Central Asia to
Hungary
– Captured people to sell as slaves
• Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia
– Worshiped war like gods
– Raided places quickly
Bellringer
• Pull out reading packet
• Begin reading Chapter 14 sec 1 & 2
Agenda
•
•
•
•
Reading
Discussion
Notes
Book work
Late Middle Ages
• 1000’s spiritual revival
happens throughout Europe
– “Age of Faith”
– Pope and religious leaders
reform the Church
– Church becomes stronger
The Crusades
The Crusades
• Byzantine Emperor Alexius Commenis sent an
appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders
– Also gets read by Pope Urban II
– Asked for help against the Muslim Turks
– Urban II called for an “holy War” (Crusades)
Goal
– Must gain control of the Holy land and Jerusalem!
Other Causes
• King and Church saw the crusades
as an opportunity to get rib of the
arguing Knights
– Knights fighting each other
– Threatened peace of kingdoms
– Those who fought are called
crusaders
THE FIRST CRUSADES
First Crusade
• Crusaders ill prepared
– Did not know the
• Geography
• Climate
• Culture
– Of the holy land
•
•
•
•
First Crusade cont.
Has no Strategy
Argued among themselves
Captured Jerusalem In 1099
Set up for Crusader States around Jerusalem
– Each ruled by a European noble
THE SECOND CRUSADES
Second Crusade
• States vulnerable to
Muslim attacks
• Second crusade was to
recapture Jerusalem
• City instead falls to the
Muslim leader Saladin
– Crusaders shocked!
AND…. ANOTHER CRUSADE (3RD)
Third Crusades
• Try to recapture Jerusalem again. This time
lead by three kings
– England- Richard the Lion Hearted
– France- Philip Augustus
– German-Frederick I
Third Crusades cont.
• Richard and Saladin
fought each other
many times
– Both ruthless fighters
– Respected each other
– Agreed to a truce
• Saladin promised to
allow unarmed
Christian pilgrims into
the city
THE FOURTH CRUSADE!!!
Fourth Crusades
• Pope Innocent II appeals for
another crusade to
recapture Jerusalem
– Knights end up looting the
city of Constantinople
– Causing the split in the
Eastern and Western
churches
EVEN MORE CRUSADE…..
Later Crusaders
• They were common and unsuccessful
The Effects
• Failures lessoned the power of the pope
• Weakened nobility
• Stimulated trade between Europe and
southwest Asia
• Bitterness between Christians, Jews and
Muslims
• Weakened the Byzantine Empire
Fall of Constantinople
• Crusaders weakened
the city
• Eventually it fell to
the Ottoman Turks
– Ended the Byzantine
Empire
– Becomes the capital
of the ottoman
empire
Black Death
• 1/3 of the
population died to
the deadly disease
known as the
bubonic plague
Origins
• Began in Asia
• Came to Europe through trade
• Began in Italy before quickly
spreading to France, Germany
and Europe
– Took 4 years to reach all of
Europe
– Killed 25 million in Europe
Effects
• Populations numbers fell in the towns and
country side
• Trade declined
– Prices rose
• Less people to work
– Farmlands abandoned
– Old manorial system crumbles
– Serf left manors to find better wages
– Church losses Prestige
Church Scholars
• Most who were able to read or write belonged
to the church
• Scholars worked in monasteries where they
translated Greek and Arabic into Latin
Bellringer
• Pull out reading packet and finish reading
chapter 14 sec 3 &4
Agenda
• Finish book work
• Review
• Begin on study guide
• Homework: Study for test NEXT class
Middle Ages Review
• After the Roman Empire Split into two parts.
The Eastern became known as the ________
• The Western half of the Roman empire was
invaded/attacked by __________________
who came from central Asia
• ______________ came to a halt because of
the invasions. Merchants no longer felt safe
traveling from one city to another
• _____________ became smaller as people
moved out to the country side for protection
The following describes what system that
developed during the Middle Ages
The following describes what system
that developed during the Middle Ages
Other than the king who else held
power? (more power than the kings?)
• A ______________ was
a person who is bond to
the land. They work for
the lord and in return
the lord provides them
with protection
• Charles Martel defeated the
__________ at the battle of the
Tours, preventing Islam from
spreading into Europe.
• How did the monaries continue the Roman
traditions?
• What is a Crusade?
• What was the goal
of the crusades?
• Who were crusaders?
• Were the crusades successful?
• What is a guild?
• _________________ the conqueror invaded
England in 1066
• The 100 year war was between ____________
and _________________