Clive Jachnik
Introduction
 Some Teachings
 Democratic Republic Of Congo
 Liberia
 Indonesia
 Sri Lanka
 Potential Lessons
 Two Prayers And A Wish
“We are what we think. All that we are arises with our
thoughts. With our thoughts, we make the world.”
Gautama Buddha
“Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men
that the defenses of peace must be constructed.”
UNESCO Preamble
"One should never harm the wicked or the good....A noble soul will
exercise compassion even towards those who injure others"
Ramayana of Valmiki
"the wisdom that comes from heaven is...peace- loving,
considerate, submissive, full of mercy impartial and sincere."
James 3: 17-18
“My Lord, who is the greatest of Thy servants in Thy estimation?”
“The one who forgives when he is in a position of power.”
Hadith of Baihaqi
Hatred does not cease by hatred, but only by love.
This is the eternal rule.
Gautama Buddha
“When I despair, I remember that all through history
the ways of truth and love have always won.”
Mahatma Gandhi
“Any life that is lost in war is a human life, be it that of an Arab
or Israeli……They are ours, be they living on Arab or Israeli land.”
Anwar Sadat - Speech to the Israeli Knesset
“We never get rid of an enemy by meeting hate with
hate; we get rid of an enemy by getting rid of enmity.”
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
“The first thing is to be honest with yourself. You can never
have an impact on society if you have not changed yourself.”
Nelson Mandela
Democratic Republic of Congo
 Royal Navy Commander 1999-2000
 Political Affairs Officer 2002
 MONUC DDR Team Leader North Kivu/Ituri 2002-2004
 Head of the Rapid Response Mechanism 2006-2007
 Novel grass-roots DDR methodology
 4,500 People Repatriated to Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi
 Absorption of Mai-Mai leaders into national army
 National SSR and police capacity building
Democratic Republic of Congo
 1960: Independence for Africa's third largest country
 1965 – 1996: President Mobuto Sese Seko
 1996: Rwandan troops and Laurent Kabila enter DRC
 Mobuto flees. Kabila is declared President
 1998: Kabila orders foreign troops out. Most refuse
 Rwanda-allies RCD attack GoDRC army to oust Kabila
 Angola, Zimbabwe , Namibia support Kabila
 1999: RCD withdraw to hold the east part of DRC
 1999: Uganda-backed MLC take control in north DRC
Democratic Republic of Congo
 June 1999: Stalemate with DRC divided into three
 Aug 1999: Lusaka Accord. Inter-Congolese Dialogue
 ICD includes government, armed opposition,
political opposition and civil society
 Violence across DRC continues
 Failure to implement Lusaka Accord and ICD
 2001: Kabila assassinated. Replaced by son Joseph
 October 2001: ICD commences in Addis Ababa
 February 2002: Addis ICD fails. Moves to Sun City
Democratic Republic of Congo
 April 2002: ICD signs 34 governance resolutions
 2002: Peace Accords signed by DRC, Rwanda, Uganda
 April 2003: ICD approves ‘Final Act’ agreement
 Two-year transitional government, headed by Joseph
Kabila with four Vice-Presidents
 July 2006: First multi-party elections. Kinshasa war.
 MONUC takes control of capital
 October 2006: New election. Kabila wins 70% of vote
 December 2006: President Joseph Kabila sworn in
Democratic Republic of Congo
 2006: Kivus and Ituri fighting continues in East
 2006: Nkunda forms CNDP and allies to FDLR
 March 2009: Nkunda arrested and CNDP sign
peace treaty
 2012: CNDPs Bosco Ntaganda mutinies to form M23
 November 2012: M23 captures Goma but withdraws
 February 2013: UN Peace, Security and Cooperation
Framework for the DRC signed by 11 African nations
 August 2013: Goma shelled by M23 and Rwanda*
 Present: Continued fighting in Eastern DRC
Potential Lessons
 Of 362 ICD delegates, 66 represent DRC civil society
 ICD formed 5 Commissions to map governance
 Political and Judicial (16), Economic and Finance (5),
Humanitarian/Cultural (16), Defence and Security
(10) and Peace and National Reconciliation (19)
 Rural DRC polled on civil society role in ICD
 Civil society viewed as impartial in DRC
 Civil society mobilize opinions/harmonize agendas
 Culminates in 4-day National Civil Society Dialogue
 Defines civil society goals for west and east DRC
Notable Points
 DRC civil society took a proactive key role in ICD
 Direct involvement in a top level political process
 ‘Ambassadors for Peace’ mediated local meetings
 MONUC established ‘A Committee of Wise Elders’
 ‘One UN Approach’ to DRC recovery
 Holistic regional initiative adopted by 11 nations
 UN regional approach to peacebuilding
Liberia
 Head of UNMIL DDR 2005-2007
 105,000 People Disarmed and Dembolised
 400 People Repatriated to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cote
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d’Ivoire and other African countries
Included unarmed women and children in DDR
Community arms’ mop-up scheme
Transitional justice for weapon ownership
Established best-practice for UN DDR operations
Began SSR and capacity building processes
Liberia
 1847: Liberia declares independence
 1989: Charles Taylor ‘s NPFL invade, ousting dictator Doe
 NPFL assassinates Doe and takes 90 percent of the country
 1991: NPFL splits whilst ULIMO and RUF join combat
 1996: Abuja Accord signed and Taylor elected
 1997-2000: Fragile peace. RUF plunges Sierra Leone into war
 2003: LURD and MODEL reduce Taylor's control to a third
 June 2003: CPA signed in Accra and Taylor resigns
 August 2003: National Transitional Government runs Liberia
 2006: President Johnson-Sirleaf democratically elected
 Present: A fragile state enjoying relative peace
Potential Lessons
 Civil society helped shape the peace agreement
 Ensured democratic decision-making in negotiations
 Ensured acceptance of CPA by the Liberian people
 Effective use of public information
 Engagement of CBOs, NGOs and women activists
 Leadership training of middle ranking police officers
 Effective ‘One UN Approach’ to recovery
 Needs national legal reform and plan for ROL sector
 Needs an overarching plan for national SSR
Notable Points
 CPA signed by GoL, LURD, MODEL, 18 pol. parties
 Ministries and public-agencies divided 4 ways
between GoL, LURD, MODEL, and representatives of
civil society who assumed political roles
 Other NGOs who signed and witnessed the CPA were:
 Association of Liberian Professional Organizations
 Mano River Women's Peace Network (MARWOPNET)
 Liberian Women's Initiative, Interfaith Mediation Ctte
 Inter-Religious Council for Liberia, Liberian Bar Assoc
 Rare example of NGO participation in peace process
Indonesia
 ADB Consultant 1995-1996
 Head of Strategic Planning and Monitoring 2007-2009
 DDR for 3,000 GAM ex-combatants and 2,035 amnestied
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prisoners
DDR for 3,204 GAM activists surrendering before MoU
DDR for 6,500 members of pro-government militias
32,000 Indonesian security forces redeployed from Aceh
Community peacebuilding projects in Aceh, Sulawesi,
Maluku and West Timor
Draft DRR and SSR legislation
Indonesia
 1602: Dutch East India Company established
 1800: Netherlands nationalises East Indies Colony
 1900s: Dutch rule extends to Indonesia's current area
 1908: Start of Indonesian independence movement
 1942-1945: Japanese military occupation
 1945: Indonesia's declaration of independence
 1945-1949: War of Independence with Netherlands
 1949: Netherlands' recognises independence
 1962: Dutch West New Guinea (Papua) incorporated
Indonesia
 1965: Attempted coup and anti-communist purge
 March 1968: General Suharto replaces Sukarno
 1996-1998: Political protest and ethnic riots
 May 1998: President Suharto resigns
 1999: East Timor votes to secede after 25 year
occupation
 2004: First ever direct presidential election
 December 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake/Tsunami
 2005: Political settlement of Aceh separatist conflict
 Present: Occasional secessionist/terrorist violence
Potential Lessons
 Regional autonomy programme since 2004
 Strengthening of democratic processes since 2004
 Effective use of civil society, CBOs, NGOs and women
 Successful ‘One UN Approach’ to recovery
 Consultative grass-roots ‘bottom-up’ planning
processes eg: ‘Musrenbang’
 DDR for GAM plus pro-government Aceh militias
 Ex GAM report at police stations in DDR
 Separate Aceh police desks for women
 Tailored Aceh police capacity building
Notable Points
 One year amnesty declared for the surrender of arms
held by civilians until 31 December 2005 in CPA
 GoI agree to ratify the UN Covenants on Civil and
Political plus Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
 Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Court of
Human Rights remain controversial
 GoI has said its intension is for courts only to judge
matters subsequent to the date of CPA signing
‘There is a need to improve public services in all regions through more
democratic, accountable, professional, responsive and decentralized
governance. Basically, decentralization and autonomy is aimed at establishing
a closer relationship between government and the people.’
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (August 23, 2005)
Indonesia - Musrenbang
 Means: “community discussion + development plan”
 A participatory budgeting process where residents
discuss short-term issues facing their communities
 Prioritise needs and informs local government
 Support assigned to most needy neighbourhoods
 Musrenbang is a ‘bottom-up’ process introduced to
replace GoI centralized ‘top-down’ planning
 Musrenbang process also exists at district, city and
provincial levels
 Consultative and inclusive development
Indonesia - Musrenbang
 Musrenbang enshrined in local legislation
 GoI central budget implements Musrenbang
 Media sensitizes for maximum participation
 Calendar and Flow Chart of the planning and
budgeting processes published
 All stakeholders and their roles published
 Gender and minority participation mainstreamed
 Proactive advice offered by local government
 Media publication of minutes and findings
Sri Lanka
 Programme Manager – Reintegration and
Reconciliation 2010-2013
 Reintegration support for 8,500 Ex-LTTE clients
 Community peacebuilding projects supported
 Initial SSR projects designed and drafted
 Seconded to advise Somali and Kenyan
governments on Al-Shabaab
Sri Lanka
 Geneva, Funds and Access to PARCs
 A unique welcome
 Military victory and long-term peace
 ICRS sensitization
 Engaging the caseload
 Missing public awareness and reinsertion
 ICRS re-design with counselling,
 Fading support and incomplete ICRS
 A missed opportunity
Potential Lessons - General
 Use of UN Peacebuilding Commission
 National coordination of peacebuilding activities
 Decentralization of the peace debate
 Establishing impartial ‘Peace Ambassadors’
 Form ‘Community of Practice’ for peace activists
 Encouraging ‘Community Peace Committees’
 Empower traditional ‘Committees of the Wise’
 Transfer local/regional reconciliation methods
Potential Lessons - General
 DDR is nationally-owned and people-centred
 DDR should be transparent and accountable
 Any DDR process should be completed
 Reintegration is social, economic and political
 DDR forms part of long-term SSR plans
 DDR is not sustainable without reconciliation
 Reconciliation needs sustainable peacebuilding
 Peacebuilding is an ongoing and ‘whole-nation’
process that requires full commitment
Potential Lessons - ROL
 Legally-sworn translators at police stations
 Language training at National Police Academy
 Fast track promotion for bilingual police officers
 Separated gender-appropriate police ‘desks’
 Pilot projects for community policing principles
 Community policing committees
 Military and Police information ‘hotlines’
 Surveys for future SSR at the right time
Potential Lessons - Youth
 Peace Studies in National Schools’ Curriculum
 Schools’ twining programmes. Activities for
unification
 Ethnically-mixed sports’ galas, drama, choir, poetry
and literature events
 National Peace Songs, Poetry, Poster and Badge
Awards
 Joint Summer Peace, Sports and Language Camps
 National awards for best bilingual exam results
 Local multi-ethnic ‘Youth Parliaments’
 Training to deliver reconciliation projects
 ‘Conflict Resolution Day’(3rd Thursday in October)
Potential Lessons - Media
 Radio Okapi (DRC) and Radio UNMIL (Liberia)
 Talking Drum, Ijambo, Radio Peacebuilding Africa
 Ethnically-diverse staff present a united front
 One TV documentary analysed 16 African conflicts
 Broadcast in 22 African countries in 40 local dialects
 Mobile cinema projects in African rural villages
 Workshops empowering bloggers in Arabia
 Reconciliation soap operas/TV ‘peace debates’
 Media support can yield responsible reporting
Potential Lessons - Private Sector
 Lobby for development investment in N and E
 Vocational and business mentoring programmes
 Scholarships to fast-track minority managers
 Highlight equal opportunity in the workplace
 Allow time for workers’ peace committees
 Sponsorship of bilingual kindergartens
 Broadcast peace radio during workers’ shifts
 Display reconciliation material in the workplace
Peacebuilding
 Local ownership is essential for lasting peace
 Inclusiveness develops constructive relationships
between all stakeholders
 The heart of the challenge is building trust so that
society remains engaged in building lasting peace
 Only long-term commitments address the root
causes of conflict and ensure sustainability
 Appropriate processes ensure legitimacy and
holistic solutions to complex problems
Self-control
Humility
Service
Basis For Peace
Fairness
Generosity
Forgiveness
8
Two Prayers And A Wish
Nelson’s Last Prayer
On the morning of 21st October 1805 with the combined fleets of
France and Spain in sight:
‘May the great God, whom I worship, grant to my country
and for the benefit of Europe in general
a great and glorious victory: and may no misconduct, in any
one, tarnish it: and may humanity after victory be the
predominant feature in the British fleet.
For myself individually, I commit my life to Him who made
me and may His blessing light upon my endeavours for
serving my country faithfully.
To Him I resign myself and the just cause which is entrusted
to me to defend.
Amen. Amen. Amen’.
St Mungo’s Prayer
 St Mungo established a monastery in the 6th century
on the River Clyde near the site of Glasgow
 He is thought to have performed four miracles that
are shown in Glasgow’s Coat of Arms
 Here's the bird that never flew. Here's the tree that
never grew. Here's the bell that never rang. Here's the
fish that never swam.
 St Mungo: ‘Lord, Let Glasgow Flourish by the
preaching of Thy Word and the Praising of Thy Name’
A Wish
Let Sri Lanka Flourish
Thank You
cvjachnik@yahoo.com