Freshwater Food Web
Marine (ocean) Food Web
Terrestrial (land) and
Freshwater Food Web
Terrestrial (land) Food Web
Two sources of energy for
Food Webs
Photosynthesis uses
light energy from the
sun
Chemosynthesis uses
chemical energy from
volcanic vents
The greatest amount of
energy is always at the
bottom and starts with the
sun or with chemicals in
hydrothermal vents. 10% of
the energy from one level
passes on to the next level.
Not much energy left at the
top—not many organisms
can be there.
Plants will compete for light and bacteria will compete for chemicals.
Limiting factors are biotic and abiotic factors that organisms have to compete for.
Biomass is the mass of
living things at each
trophic level needed to
support the individuals
at the level above them
in the pyramid. The
greatest mass is always
at the bottom
A pyramid of numbers
shows how many
individuals are needed
at each level to support
the level above. The
greatest numbers are
always at the bottom
Remember that Noble Gasses are
in group 8A and don’t react.
Remember that H is a non-metal.
Metals: lose valence electrons, are
malleable and ductile, conduct
electricity and have metallic luster.
Nonmetals: gain valence
electrons, are brittle, and do not
conduct electricity.
Velocity is speed in a
direction
Acceleration is
changing speed or
velocity. (faster, slower,
or direction)
Always read the labels
on your graphs!
Unbalanced forces cause
movement. Balanced forces
mean no movement.
Work is done when something is moved
Wheel and inclined plane make
the job of lowering material
much easier.
By increasing the distance something is
moved, simple machines reduce the force
needed to move them. The long string on a
pulley increases the distance.
Potential and Kinetic
Energy
A long lever makes it easier to
life a heavier load.
Folded
mountains, thrust
fault, trenches,
volcanoes
Volcanoes, mid-ocean
ridges, rift valley
Major Earthquakes
Earthquakes can occur along any boundary—both
recent tsunamis were caused by convergent
boundary quakes
Hurricanes form over warm ocean water
Bright
Hot
Sun
Cool
Dim
Blue
Convection currents in the mantle drive the plates
Red
Hotter is on the left
Brighter is on the top
Red Away
Spiral galaxy
Blue toward
Blue
Milkyway Galaxy with Sun
Red
Vernal = Spring
Summer
Solstice
June 21 or 22
The amount of
sunlight is always the
same at the equatorequal day/night & no
seasons
Autumn =Fall
H = high
pressure (fair)
L = low pressure
(clouds/rain)
Winds generally
blow from west
to east
Half circles and
cones point
where the front
is going
The identity of an atom is
determined by the number
of protons in the nucleus—
that is the atomic number.
Valence Level
Energy Levels
Lithium has 1 valence electron
• in group 1: highly reactive metal
• will lose the outside electron when bonding
• 2 electrons in the first energy level are stable
when the valence electron is gone
Protons and neutrons are in
the nucleus and have all the
mass. Together they are the
atomic mass number.
At. Mass – atomic #=
neutrons
MAN
Beryllium has one more proton than
Lithium—it is a different element. 1
more proton means 1 more electron
also.
APE
•2 valence electrons
•In group 2: very reactive
•Will lose both outside electrons when bonding
•2 electrons in the first energy level are stable
when the valence electrons are gone.
Electrons have almost no
mass, are in energy levels, but
move all the time, so we say
they are in the electron cloud.
Low energy electrons are in
level 1.
Na-Mass 23
Add p & n
for mass
7 + 1 = 8 valence
23 – 11 = 12
Na—Sodium
F—Flourine
•Will lose 1 valence electron when bonding
•In group 1: highly reactive metal
•8 electrons in the second energy level is stable when
the valence electron is gone
•Has 7 valence electrons
•Will gain 1 electron when bonding—non-metal to
metal
•Could share 1 electron when bonding with another
non-metal
•8 valence electrons is the most stable valence
Topographic Maps show changes in elevation
Contour lines are connected points of equal
elevation
Contour interval is the change in elevation
between the lines
Global Positioning System: Uses information
relayed to satellites to identify locations on
Earth and changes to locations on Earth.
Satellite images and topographic maps can
show changes in north and east directions on
Earth, as well as changes in elevation.