PASS Review
Stone Age Periods
• Old Stone Age -> Paleolithic
*hunters and gatherers
*nomad -> no permanent home
*stone tools
and weapons
*cave art /
NO written records
STONE AGE PERIODS
• New Stone Age -> Neolithic
*man lived in larger groups
*AGRICULTURE BEGAN
*DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS
*SURPLUS CROPS
*SPECIALIZATION OF
JOBS
Man’s Migration out of Africa
Man’s Migration into the Americas
FIRST CIVILIZATIONS!!
RIVER VALLEY
CIVILIZATIONS:
• Mesopotamia
• Egypt
• China
• India
River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamia
In the FERTILE CRESCENT
Included Sumerian & Babylonian Empires
*land between the rivers = TIGRIS & EUPHRATES
*Sargon -> created FIRST EMPIRE
*Hammurabi -> FIRST CODE OF LAWS
Hammurabi’s Code of Laws
*Achievements: wheel, ZIGGURAT (religious center)
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, glass,
*WRITING = CUNEIFORM
Map of Fertile Crescent
Map of Mesopotamia
Sumerian Cuneiform
Hammurabi’s Code of Laws
ziggurat
Judaism
• Began in Fertile Crescent in Canaan
*FIRST MONOTHEISTIC Religion
*begun by Abraham
*holy text = Torah
*Ten Commandments
* Moses led Hebrews from Egypt to
Canaan
Torah
Egypt
Began along the NILE RIVER
*Menes -> united Upper and Lower Egypt
*Khufu -> (Cheops) Great Pyramid
*Hatshepsut -> female pharaoh
*Tutankhamun -> boy king, tomb found by Howard Carter
*architecture = pyramids
*writing = HIEROGLYPHICS on papyrus
*government = pharaohs
*economy = agriculture / FLOODING PRODUCED
RICH SILT
*religion = polytheistic
*mummification
Egypt
Egypt
hieroglyphics
Great Pyramids of Giza
India
Began along the INDUS RIVER
*subcontinent of Asian Himalayas
cut it off from the rest of the continent
*cities = Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
sometimes called Harappan Civilization
*writing = SANSKRIT
*TWO religions began here = HINDUISM &
BUDDHISM
Indus River Valley
Hinduism
• Polytheistic religion introduced by
the Aryans
•
•
•
•
Brahman = supreme being
holy text = Vedas / “Books of Knowledge”
CASTE SYSTEM = different levels in society
REINCARNATION = cycle of birth, death, &
rebirth
• dharma = laws and duties of Hindus
Buddhism
• Founder = Siddhartha Gautama
“the Buddha”
• Beliefs = Four Noble Truths (Suffering in Life)
Middle Way
Eightfold Path to reach Nirvana
Reincarnation
• Karma = end result of good & bad acts
• NO caste system
Four Noble Truths
The Buddha
China
• Began along HUANG RIVER or Yellow
River (because of loess or silt)
• government = dynasties
Shang was the first
*Mandate of Heaven = right to
rule from the gods
• oracle bones = predict the
future
China continued:
• architecture = Great Wall of China -> built
to keep out the Mongols
• tomb for Shihuangdi 1,000s of clay
soldiers & horses
• achievements = SILK, Silk Road,
seismograph, new type of rice,
gunpowder, woodblock moveable type
• TWO religions began here =
Confucianism & Taoism or Daoism
Great Wall
Shihuangdi’s Tomb
Seismograph
Silk Road
Confucianism
• Founder = Confucius
• Social order, harmony, and
good government based
on STRONG FAMILY
RELATIONSHIPS
• 5 basic relationships
• Education important to
society
Taoism or Daoism
• Founder = Laozi
• People should live simple
lives in harmony with
nature
• There should be little
interference from the
government
Greece
• TWO important city-states ->
ATHENS & SPARTA
• Architecture = Parthenon in
Athens / temple for the goddess
Athena
• acropolis = high hill in Greeks city-states
• Sparta = military was important
• Olympic Games
• 7 Wonders of the Ancient World (man made)
• writing = Greek alphabet / adopted from the
Phoenicians
• agora = market place
Ancient Greece
The Parthenon
Athens
FIRST
DEMOCRACY
in the world!!
*people have a
voice in the
government
Greece continued
People / Know:
*Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle = (SPA)
philosophers
*Archimedes = scientist & mathematician
developed concept of pi
*Homer = epic poems “The Iliad” & “The
Odyssey”
*Pericles = rich & poor had a part in the
government / built Parthenon
*Alexander
the Great = King of Macedonia
•conquered land in Europe, Africa, and Asia
•military & political leader
• began the Hellenistic Age = the Greek culture
spread to other parts of the world
Alexander’s Empire
Rome
• Created a large empire on 3
continents: Europe, Asia and Africa
• Two groups of citizens = patricians
(wealthy) & plebeians (common)
• TWELVE TABLES = first written laws
for Rome
• Punic Wars = Rome fought Carthage and
won
• Pompeii buried by Mt. Vesuvius
Rome continued:
• Government = REPUBLIC -> people
choose representatives to run the
government
*senators = patricians
*tribunes represented plebeians
*consuls = 2 elected officials /were
supreme judges and
commanders of the military
Roman Empire
Rome continued
• People to know:
*Julius Caesar = made himself dictator
assassinated by friends
*Augustus = (Octavian) first emperor
ruled during Pax Romana
*Constantine = Byzantine Empire /
Eastern Roman Empire
allowed Christianity
• Two Roman Empires formed as Rome
declined
*Western Roman Empire (Rome) fell first
*Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine)
Constantinople lasted 1,000 more years
Rome continued
• JUSTINIAN CODE = created by
Justinian of the Byzantine Empire->
strict but fair laws which gave the same
rights to everyone, rich or poor
• Achievements = aqueducts, domes,
arches, Pantheon, Colosseum, roads,
alphabet, Roman numerals, Latin, laws,
concrete, keystones, etc.
Roman aqueduct
Roman Colosseum
keystones
Christianity
• Religion begun during the time of the
Roman Empire
• Founder = Jesus
• Holy Text = Bible
• Beliefs = monotheistic
People will gain salvation if they
follow the teachings of Jesus
• Three largest groups: Catholic, Protestant
& Eastern Orthodox
Religion of Islam
•
•
•
•
Founder = Muhammad
Holy Text = Koran or Quran
Islamic God = Allah
Five Pillars of Faith:
*Faith in Muhammad and Allah
*Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
*Almsgiving -> give money to the poor
*Fast during the month of Ramadan
*Pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime
Map of West Africa
Geography of West Africa:
Climate Zones from north to south:
• Mediterranean Sea
• Sahel “shore” of the Sahara Desert
• Sahara Desert (largest desert in the world)
• Savanna or grasslands (in the Sahel)
• Tropical Rainforest
Sahel
Sahara
Notes
KNOW THIS!!
Ghana /Mali / Songhai:
• great empires in West Africa south of the Sahara Desert
and near to the Atlantic Ocean
• controlled GOLD & SALT TRADE
• established vital TRADE ROUTES that connected West
Africa, Europe, and Western Asia
• became wealthy by controlling these trade routes and
charging taxes
• camel caravans were used along these trade routes
because of the harsh desert climate
• Muslim Arab traders spread the religion of Islam into this
area and it became the major religion in western and
northern Africa
Ghana
• GHANA -> first great empire in WEST AFRICA
->controlled gold & salt trade
*resources included iron ore & gold
*used the iron ore to make tools & weapons
*used gold to trade with other nations
*MUSLIMS of North Africa were important trade
partners with Ghana -> Muslims brought
horses, cloth & SALT to trade with Ghana
*SALT-> important to preserve food &
to stay healthy
Mali
• A great TRADE EMPIRE
• TIMBUKTU -> major trading city of Mali
• Trade with MUSLIMS was linked to the
conversion of local people to the ISLAM
religion
• Islamic influence was evident in
government, education, & architecture
in west Africa
Songhai
• the largest of the three west Africa
Empires
• developed along the Niger River
• it became a rich nation because of the
large GOLD-SALT trade routes between
Arabia, North Africa, & West Africa
Mesoamerica
• First people came from Asia by way of BERINGIA -> a
land bridge that was formed during the Ice Age
between Asia and North America
• Greatest civilizations in Mexico and Central America
MAYAS & AZTECS
• slash and burn agriculture / grew maize
• stone pyramids for religious purposes
• steles = flat stones with glyphs (symbols)
• codex = folding screen book
• conquered by Spanish Conquistadors
Mesoamerica
Aztec Capital City
Tenochtitlan
Chinampa Farming
Mayan Pyramid
stele
codex
Incas
• Lived in the Andes Mountains in South
America
• Cities = Machu Picchu & Cuzco
• NO written language
• Quipu = knotted cord used for record
keeping
• Conquered by Spanish conquistadors
Inca Terrace Farming
Inca Roads
14,000 Miles of Roads!!
Inca Empire
quipu
Machu Picchu
Adena
• All across the eastern United States are great mounds
of earth. Some shaped like domes, some like cones,
and some are built in the form of huge circles. The
cultures that built these mounds are known as mound
builders.
• One of the first groups of mound builders were called
the Adena.
• The Adena culture developed in the Ohio River Valley
but spread in all directions.
• The Adena thrived from 700 BC to 100 AD.
Adena
• The mounds built by the Adena were burial
mounds.
• At first they were small hills of dirt built over the
graves of important people. As more people
were buried in them, new layers of dirt were
added and the mounds grew.
• The Adena were primarily hunters and gatherers
but developed agriculture to supplement their
supply of food.
Hopewell
• The Hopewell thrived between 100
BC and 500 AD.
• The Hopewell also lived in some of
the same places as the Adena
did. This is probably why their
cultures were so similar.
• However, the Hopewell spread
over a far greater area. They also
farmed and built more and larger
mounds than the Adena.
Mississippian Culture
• The Mississippian culture flourished
after 700 AD in much the same place
as the Hopewell.
• Like the Hopewell and Adena they built
mounds; however, they did not build
burial mounds. Instead they built
temple mounds.
• These mounds were used
for religious and
ceremonial purposes.
Sometimes high ranking
priests lived on top of
them.
• Cahokia is the
largest temple mound site.
Pueblo – Anasazi
*the foundational civilization of the Southwest
• The Anasazi is a Navajo
word for “the Ancient
Ones.”
• Anasazi culture thrived in
the Southwest from 500
AD to 1280. They
flourished in the shadows
of the rugged cliffs of the
Chaco Canyon.
• They are thought to be the
ancestors of today’s
Pueblo Indians.
Pueblo – Anasazi
• The Anasazi are known for their architecture.
• Around 750 BC they built pueblos, structures
made of stone or adobe bricks. (Adobe is
made from sun dried mud… remember
Mesopotamia?)
• One pueblo that still stands today is called
“Pueblo Bonito” – “pretty village.”
• It is five stories tall with 800 rooms. It could
over house over 1,000 people!
Middle Ages
• Also known as MEDIEVAL
(Latin for “middle”)
• Period between AD 500-1400
• Between fall of the Roman Empire & the
Modern Age
• FEUDALISM->way of life during the
Middle Ages based on ownership of
land and loyalty
Middle Ages continued
• Society:
*King or monarch
*Lords
*Vassals = lower lords
*Knights = protected the land
*serfs or peasants = worked the land
• MANORS = lord’s estate / including castle,
farmland, & village
• GUILDS = first workers’ unions of
craftsmen / set rules on quality of
products and prices of products
Middle Ages continued
• MAGNA CARTA = THE Great
Charter which for the first time
limited the power of a king and
gave more power to the nobility
• King John I = was forced to sign
the Magna Carta
knight & castle
King John signing the Magna Carta
Medieval Guilds
Japanese and European Feudal
System:
JAPAN
EUROPE
*Emperor
*King (Monarch)
*Shogun
*Lord (Noble)
*Daimyo
*Vassals
*Samurai
*Knights
*Serfs or Peasants---------------------
Shintoism
• Japanese religion based on nature
Crusades
• HOLY WARS (1096-1272)
• Purpose = to regain the Holy Lands
(Palestine) from the Muslim Turks
• Outcome = opened TRADE between
Europe and Asia
• Important products that were traded =
SPICES, silk, linen, coffee, jewels, etc.
Trade Items Included:
Bubonic Plague
followed Trade Routes from Asia
to Europe
Renaissance
1400-1600
• REBIRTH of Greek & Roman
Culture
• Began in FLORENCE, ITALY
• Focus on HUMANISM, secular belief on
education and what the individual could
achieve during his/her lifetime
• MEDICI family were PATRONS of the arts
Renaissance People to Know:
• Leonardo da Vinci – “Mona Lisa” &
“The Last Supper”
• Michelangelo – painted Sistine Chapel
• Johannes Gutenberg – movable type
printing press
• Martin Luther – protested ways of the
Catholic Church &
began Protestantism
Counter Reformation
• Once Martin Luther began the Protestant
Reformation, the Catholic Church had to
respond.
• The church created the Counter Reformation or
the Catholic Reformation.
• The church tried to fix some of the problems and
slow down the spread of Protestantism.
• Pope Paul III set up the Council of Trent as a
reaction to the Reformation.
Age of Exploration
• People began to explore to find an all water
route to get to Asia to buy the products like
spices and silk
• There was already a land route = the Silk Road
• Portugal led the way
*Vasco da Gama-> rounded Africa to get to
Asia
• Columbus (sponsored by Spain) went west
across the Atlantic Ocean to get to Asia
* Columbus called the natives “Indians”
because he thought he was in the Indies
*He NEVER realized he “discovered” a New
World
• Ferdinand Magellan-> FIRST TO
CIRCUMNAVIGATE the world
Vasco da Gama
Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Columbian Exchange
*the transfer of goods and diseases from Europe to the
Americas and American items back to Europe
DONE!!
I hope you do well on the PASS Test.