Westmont College Content Area Literacy -- Secondary Fall 2011 Course Information: Course Number: ED 171 Course Title: Content Area Literacy -- Secondary Credits: 4 credits Schedule: Tuesdays and Thursday, 10:00-11:50 Location: VL106 Textbooks: Content Area Reading: Teaching and Learning in an age of Multiple Literacies, M. McLaughlin (2010). Pearson Chapters 10-12 from Lemov, Doug (2010). Teach Like a Champion. Jossey-Bass. (required text for ED 110) CA. State Content Standards and Common Core Standards Self-selected Literacy book in your content area. Possible recommendations: English: o Appleman, D (2009, 2nd ed). Critical Encounters in High School English: Teaching Literary Theory to Adolescents, Language and Literacy Series, Teachers College Press. o Atwell, N. (1998, 2nd ed). In the Middle: Writing, reading, and learning with adolescents. Heineman. o Burke, J. (2007, 3rd ed). The English Teacher's Companion: A Complete Guide to Classroom, Curriculum, and the Profession. Heinemann. o Gallagher, K. (2006). Teaching Adolescent Writers. Stenhouse. o Tovani, C. (2000). I Read It, But I Don’t Get It: Comprehension strategies for adolescent readers. Stenhouse. Math: Hancewicx, Heuer, Metsisto, Tuttle, and Kenney (2005). Literacy Strategies for Improving Mathematics Instruction. Science: Chamberlain, Crane (2009). Reading, Writing, and Inquiry in the Science Classroom, Grades 6-12: Strategies to improve content learning. Corwin. Social Studies: Teacher Curriculum Institute Staff (2005). History Alive: Engaging all learners in the Diverse Classroom. Teachers’ Curriculum Institute. -- Irvin, J (1995). Enhancing Social Studies Through Literacy Strategies. National Council for the Social Studies. Art: Tucker, A (2001). Visual Literacy: Writing about Art. McGraw-Hill. Professor: Dr. Jane Wilson Office: Office hours: Phone: E-mail: Porter Center Room 2A T/Th – 1:00-3:00 (805) 565-6171 jawilson@westmont.edu The worth of a book is to be measured by what you can carry away from it. ~James Bryce Course Description: ED 171 examines literacy as it applies to the study and acquisition of subject matter content. This course provides candidates with the knowledge, skills, and instructional strategies needed to assess, plan, and teach content-based literacy skills to a full range of students in diverse secondary classrooms. Fieldwork placement (15 hours) in a local Junior or Senior High school is required (this is combined with an additional 15 hour placement for ED 121). Questions to ponder: How can I establish a responsive, literate community of learners? Why are reading and writing skills important if I’m not teaching English? What is the connection between literacy and learning in a subject area? What do I do if one of my students can’t read the material? How do I help my students become stronger readers, writers, listeners, and speakers? Department of Education Mission Statement: Westmont’s Department of Education provides a supportive collegial community in which to acquire a rigorous, practical, and professional preparation for K12 teaching. Building on teacher-candidates’ liberal arts education, our program is designed to develop exemplary instructional skills, habits of reflection, and moral and cultural sensitivities that promote lifelong learning of diverse students. Course Goals , Objectives, and Outcomes: Teaching Performance Expectations (TPEs) This course contributes to multiple Teaching Performance Expectations, but is especially designed to help candidates preparing to teach in the state of California develop knowledge and skills pertinent to the education of students with special needs, primarily in the context of the regular classroom. Each objective lists the TPEs which is addresses: TPE 1 – Specific Pedagogical Skills for Subject Matter Instruction TPE 2 – Monitoring Student Learning During Instruction TPE 3 – Interpretation and Use of Assessments TPE 4 – Making Content Accessible TPE 5 – Student Engagement TPE 6 -- Developmentally Appropriate Teaching Practices TPE 7 – Teaching English Learners TPE 8 – Learning about Students TPE 9 – Instructional Planning TPE 10 – Instructional Time TPE 11 – Social Environment TPE 12 – Professional, Legal, and Ethical Obligations TPE 13 – Professional Growth What this course promises you: In this course you will have the opportunity to develop strategies in how to effectively engage your students in reading and responding to text in your particular content area. By the end of this course, students who fulfill all course “opportunities for growth” will grow in abilities to demonstrate knowledge of components of effective instructional delivery in reading (Orientation, Presentation, Structured practice, and Guided practice) (TPE 2, 3, 9, 10). utilize content-based literacy strategies (reading, writing, speaking, and listening) to facilitate learning of subject matter for the full range of learners in the classroom (TPE 1, 6, 7, 9). identify California Content Standards for their subject that require literacy strategies and approaches (TPE 1). be aware of and understand research-based instruction approaches that build fluency, comprehension, and background knowledge, develop academic language, develop study and research skills, and teach writing in the discipline (TPE 4, 5, 9). use assessments (diagnostic, formative and summative) for individualized content-based reading instruction in order to monitor student progress and demonstrate the linkage between assessment and instruction (TPE 2, 3). provide systematic and explicit differentiated instruction in the content area to meet the needs of the full range of learners in the classroom (e.g., struggling readers, students with special needs, English learners and speakers of non-standard English, and advanced learners for (TPE 6, 7, 8): o vocabulary development of general academic language o vocabulary development of specific academic content language o teach and learn with texts textbooks, trade books, electronic texts, narratives Main Course Objectives (aligned to IDEA evaluation): Gain knowledge in the methods of literacy to promote learning in the secondary content classroom (21) Learning how to apply course material in the context of teaching students to read and write to learn content (23) Developing specific skills and competencies needed by professional educators (24) Developing creative capacities as you develop lessons in your content area (26) Support Services: Westmont offers a variety of services to support you as a learner such as Writer’s Corner and Counseling Services. Please let me know of any concerns or struggles that you are facing which may impact your performance in the course. STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS: Students who have been diagnosed with a disability (learning, physical or psychological) are strongly encouraged to contact the Disability Services office as early as possible to discuss appropriate accommodations for this course. Formal accommodations will only be granted for students whose disabilities have been verified by the Disability Services office. These accommodations may be necessary to ensure your full participation and the successful completion of this course. Please contact Sheri Nobel, director of Academic Advising and Disability Services (x6159, snoble@westmont.edu) as soon as possible. LIBRARIAN – Robin Lang Class Guidelines Professionalism in the Education Courses: As a future educator, you need to develop a professional attitude towards all aspects of teaching, including your teacher education courses. Your mindset, therefore, should shift from a “student” to a “professional.” Here are some examples of how you will want to demonstrate professionalism: Show up on time to each class just as you will when you have a job.* Come well prepared each day just as you will when you teach.** Whenever you deliver a lesson in class, wear appropriate attire just as you will when you work in a school. This includes not chewing gum. Look for ways to contribute just as you will when you are a part of a school staff. Use electronics appropriately just as you will as a teacher who models for their students (e.g., not using cell phones in class and only using laptops when needed for the course). Be a person of academic integrity just as you will expect of your future students. See Westmont’s Plagiarism Policy (http://www.westmont.edu/_academics/pages/provost/curriculum/plagiarism/). *I hope you don’t miss any class, but I offer 2 “grace” absences though you are still responsible for any assignment due that day or any material discussed and/or distributed in class. If absent, you can submit your work via a fellow student, email, or to the education office. If you know you will not be attending class, for whatever reason, call/email me ahead of time as you would contact a principal when missing a day of school. **Please submit all work on time. By submitting work on time, you and your colleagues are best prepared to fully participate in the class. By faithfully sticking to deadlines, you are also preparing yourself for the rigors of having lessons ready every day when you teach. Late work will be accepted; however, it will receive a one full grade reduction and no more than 2 assignments can be submitted late. Hopes for connecting: I truly look forward to getting to know each one of you. I would enjoy getting together for coffee, lunch, or a walk. You are welcome to take advantage of the “Take Your Prof to Lunch” passes that the Office of Campus Life makes available. A meaningful relationship with you would bring joy to my life. Opportunities for Growth (also known as “Requirements”): No matter what content you plan to teach, your students will need to read and respond to text both orally and in writing. In this course, you will develop knowledge and skills to equip you to help students effectively interact with a variety of texts. In order for this to be an outstanding course for yourself and for your peers, you are expected to come to each class having completed the readings and all “opportunities for growth.” Please come to class with energy to listen and actively participate in all class discussions and activities. 1. Content Standards Analysis (Due Sept. 8) In order for you to see the relationship between the standards and literacy, you will read and highlight all standards (CA. Content Standards as well as Common Core Standards) in your content area that would include students’ need to read, write, listen or speak. You will write a brief (1-2 page) analysis of the importance of literacy development for your content area. Written analysis and highlighted standards are due Sept. 8. 2. In-class strategies presentations (Due weekly) In order to build your repertoire of teaching strategies to help your students develop literacy skills, you will share two teaching strategies (on eleven different Strategy Presentation Days) to help students in your content area develop as readers and writers. You will sign up to highlight one instructional strategy from our course text and one from your self-selected text. You may want to do an internet search to find out more information about the strategy. Your challenge is to demonstrate how you can use the strategy to teach your specific content (connected to a specific content standard) You will have 10 minutes to highlight each strategy (one strategy is only described, the other strategy is demonstrated): briefly explain the strategy model how it could be used in your content area give your colleagues a 1-page handout (of one or both strategies) to help them remember the strategy for future lessons NOTE: handout needs to include title and source of strategy. In order to let you “see” yourself teach and set goals for improvement, you will need to purchase a mini-DVD and make plans to have 13 of your strategies videotaped.. You may prefer to bring you own camera to use for videotaping. It’s your responsibility to set up the days you’d like to be videotaped. 3. Fieldwork* in local secondary (Fieldwork begins no later than Sept. 22.) *Fingerprinting must be completed and approved by your school district before starting your fieldwork placement. In order for you to make real-life connections of theory and practice, you will observe/participate for fifteen hours in a local secondary school and focus on literacy (reading, writing, listening, speaking) development as it relates to your content area. Please keep track of your hours which you will submit with your cooperating teacher’s signature. Remember that you need to observe/participate for a total of 30 hours – 15 hours for ED 171 (Content Area Literacy) and 15 hours for ED 121 (Curriculum Planning and Instruction). You have quite a few tasks to complete during the fieldwork for both of these courses. Though we hope you can complete all tasks, it is important to remain flexible towards the needs of the classroom. It is your responsibility to communicate with the cooperating teacher regarding assignments you need to complete. Please remember to demonstrate professionalism in their attendance, attire, observation, participation, and communication. You are representing yourself, me as your professor, and Westmont College. FIELDWORK PACKET is due Nov 15 and should include the following: Fieldwork summary: 2-page essay reflecting upon content area literacy. Literacy Case Studies: (Due Oct. 20, but resubmit in the Fieldwork Packet) You will conduct a literacy study on two students in your content area (Select an English Learner and a student with an instructional challenge -- please ask your teacher for advice on whom to work with). A thorough description of the Case Studies will be given in class. Tutoring: Evidence of one-on-one tutoring and 1-page reflection of the experience. Two formal lessons (small group or whole group): Formal lesson plans with evidence of literacy strategies and a 1-page reflection for each lesson. If you prefer, you can break one of the formal lessons into 3 mini-lessons where you teach part of a lesson (beginning, middle, or end). (Note: these should be different lessons that you submit for ED 121.) Observation handouts Literature-Rich environment Questioning strategies TPA Task 2 brainstorming Learning About Your Students (general) -- Completed by Nov. 8 These assignments will be helpful to you in successfully completing TPA Task 2. 4.. Instructional Strategies Binder which includes lists of possibilities (Due Dec. 6) In order for you to develop resources for your future teaching, you will develop a well-organized binder or file that includes examples of effective instructional approaches and strategies. Plan to bring binder to class each day so you can quickly add to your growing list of strategies Suggested dividers: Syllabus o Include syllabus and supporting material Focusing (Capturing/Inspiring) o Include ways to capture students’ interest (Anticipatory set ideas) o Include a self-created INTEREST INVENTORY for your content area o Include list of 30 quotes (with authors) that you might choose to hang in your content area classroom o Include strategies to help students set goals Thinking o Include Bloom’s taxonomy o Include multiple intelligence chart for your content area o Include Thinker’s toolkit/mindset for your content area o Include metacognitive strategies Developing Vocabulary o Include list of 100 vocabulary words (brief definition) essential to success in your content area o Include strategies to build vocabulary Visually organizing Ideas o Include graphic organizers o Include visuals to support learning in your content area Reading o Include annotated list of at least 20 books you’d like to have in your content area classroom (must demonstrate variety of texts: narrative, primary course documents, poetry, journals, website, tradebooks) o Include reading comprehension strategies Asking questions (inquiring) Writing privately o Include writing-to-learn strategies Writing publicly o Include strategies to help students writing using academic registry o Include possible writing products for your content Speaking o Include strategies to promote discussions and debates o Include strategies to build Listening skills (differing points of view) Collaborating o Include strategies for students to work together in your content area Innovating o Include alternative activities (poetry, songs, drama, movement games, puzzlers) Using Technology o Include annotated list of at least 10 websites that students could use to enrich your content area. Assessing o Include Rubrics that could work for your content area o Include ways for self-assessment English Learners o Include SDAIE strategies o Include CELDT levels Standards o Include highlight standards and your essay Case Studies/Fieldwork o Include Literacy Case Studies, lesson plans and reflections, and observation notes. 8. Final Exam – Individual Practice Job Interview (Focus on literacy) 9. Task 2 of TPA: Designing Instruction The purpose of this task is to demonstrate your ability to learn important details about a classroom of students, an English learner, and a student who presents a different instructional challenge. You will plan content area instruction that is shaped by and addresses those student characteristics, and you will demonstrate your ability to connect learning about students to instructional planning.The Designing Instruction task requires you to make appropriate connections between what you know about the students in your class to instructional planning for those students. You will focus on how your instructional plan connects to the student characteristics of your whole class and to two focus students, an English learner and a student who presents a different instructional challenge. NOTE: Task 2 of TPA is not included in the course grade but is required for course completion. The TPA candidate handbook and TPA templates are found on the Education Department’s webpage. Additional information will be given in ED 121. Credit and Grading Your course grade will be a reflection of how effectively you completed the “Opportunities for Growth.” All work submitted will be checked for completeness in following the guidelines given and will be evaluated for thoroughness, insightfulness, creativity, presentation, and errors. Work that is incomplete, done carelessly, submitted late, or lacks a significant extent of meaning will be given partial credit. Late work is marked down one full letter grade and no more than 2 late assignments will be accepted. You may resubmit your work if you would like to demonstrate more competence and possibly improve your grade (this must be completed within one week of day assignment was returned and it must be submitted with the original work to be considered). The following describes the level of performance for each letter grade designation. Grades may be modified by plus(+) or minus (-). A: superior scholastic performance in which student demonstrates distinctive understanding (knowledge, analysis, synthesis), creativity, and presentation. B: good scholastic performance in which student exhibits a broad understanding, some creativity, and good presentation C: adequate scholastic performance in which student shows acceptable understanding of material, occasional creativity, and adequate presentation. D: deficient scholastic performance in which students displays insufficient understanding of material, minimal creativity, and weak presentation. F: unacceptable scholastic performance in which students fails to meet the standards of requirements of the course in preparation, reading, and class participation, and shows little comprehension of the material. Opportunities for Growth % of grade Content Standards analysis 5% Instructional Strategies Development Instructional Strategies binder Includes o numerous instructional strategies o self-created interest inventory o Thinker’s Toolbox o 30 inspirational quotes o 100 key vocabulary + definitions o annotated list of 20 books for class library o annotated list of 10 websites for your content o self-created rubric for your content area 25% Instructional Strategies Mini-lesson Demonstrations (11) In Class presentations with handouts 3 lessons videotaped 30% Fieldwork 2-page essay 2 Literacy Case Studies with analysis Evidence of tutoring and 1 page reflection 2 lesson plans with 1 page reflections/lesson Observations handouts 25% Class Attendance (including attendance, promptness, and active participation) 10% Final Individual Interview (integrated literacy) 5% ED 171 Tentative Course Schedule Fall 2011 Tuesday 8/30 Course Introduction Why reading and writing matter? 6 decades of Reading Research In class Read Chapter 12 “Recommendations from Reading Research” from Subjects Matter Thursday 9/1 ____ Read Chapter 10, Teach Like a Champion, “How all teachers can (and must) be reading teachers (pp. 249-262) ____ Read excerpt from Schmoker, M. (2011). Focus: Elevating the essentials to radically improve student learning. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. _____ Order your self-selected text _____ Bring Binder with dividers to class each day 21st century Thinking Skills Thinker’s Toolkit for your Content Area ____ Read Chap. 1, “Teaching in the 21st Century THINKING Bloom’s taxonomy Multiple Intelligence (MI chart for your content area) Thinkers Toolkit 9/6 _____ Read Chapters 2, “Teaching and Learning in an Age of Multiple Literacies” 9/8 _____ Read Chapter 14, “Course-based Assessment, Evaluation, and Reporting” _____ Read Chapter 3, “Standards-Based Teaching and High-Stakes Assessments _____ DUE: A one page analysis of the importance of teaching literacy in your content area. Submit with printout of standards which you highlighted. _____ Find, print out, read, and highlight Content Standards for your content area (7th and/or 8th grade.) AND Common Core Standards (6-12). www.cde.ca.gov/be/st/ss/index.asp – highlight any standard that would require reading, writing, listening, speaking. INSPIRING 9/13 ____ Read Chapter 4, “Comprehending Content Area Text” (INTO the text) CAPTURING/INSPIRING _____ DUE: 5-30 inspiring quotes for your content area _____ DUE: 10 question Interest Inventory for your content area 9/20 _____ Read Chapter 5, “Using Comprehension Strategies to Guide Thinking” (THROUGH the Text) _____ Read Chapters 12 in Teach Like a Champion READING COMPREHENSION VISUALLY ORGANIZING IDEAS (Note: we’ll go over Literacy Case Study) In-class – Creating an Interest Inventory for your Content Area ASSESSING – Plan to create one rubric (can be submitted anytime in lieu of a content area mini-lesson demonstration) 9/15 Content Area Mini-Lesson Demonstrations: Capturing interest (INTO the TEXT) ___ Anticipation/reaction guide ___ Semantic Map ___ Prepreading Plan ___ Bio-Impression ___ Connection Stem ___ Save the Last Word for Me ___ Coding the Text ___ Sketch and Label Connections _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text (Focus: capturing interest) 9/21 Content Area Mini-Lesson Demonstrations: Reading (THROUGH the text) ___ Question-Answer Relationship ___ “I wonder…” statements ___ ReQuest ___ Paired Questioning ___ Bookmark technique ___ Say Something ___ KWL and KWLS ___ Interactive Notation System to Effective Reading & Thinking (INSERT) ___ Photographs of the Mind ___ Guided Imagery ___ Gallery Images _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text (must be a graphic organizer) 9/27 Read Chapter 6: Using Comprehension to Extend Thinking (BEYOND the Text) COLLABORATING 10/4 ____ Read Chapter 7, “Teaching Vocabulary in the Content Areas” ____ Read Chapter 11 in Teach Like a Champion. DEVELOPING VOCABULARY 10/11 Fall Holiday – No class 9/29 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Using Comprehension to Extend Thinking (BEYOND the Text) ___ Bio-pyramid ___ Narrative pyramid ___ Paired Summary ___ Sketch to Stretch ___ Questions into Paragraphs (QuiP) ___ Discussion Web ___ Mind and Alternative Mind Portraits ___ Evaluative Questioning ___ Venn Diagram X_ strategy found in your self-selected text (must involve collaboration) 10/6 ____ Read excerpt from Zwiers, J. (2008). Building Academic Language: Essential practices for content classrooms. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Developing Vocabulary ___ Context Clues ___ Graphic Organizers ___ Semantic Map ___ Semantic Question Map ___ Concept of Definition Map ___ Semantic Feature Analysis Chart ___ Vocabulary Bookmark ___ Vocabulary Self-Collection Strategy _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text 10/13 ____ Read Chapter 8, “Organizing for Teaching and Learning” ____ DUE: List of 100 vocabulary words (with brief definition) essential to success in your content area SPEAKING 10/18 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Communicating ___ ReQuest ___ Paired Questioning ___ Think and Think Questions ___ Patterned Partner Reading ___ KWL and KWLS ___ INSERT (Interactive notation system to effective reading and thinking) ___ SQR4 (Survey, Question, Read/Record/Recite/Reflect _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text 10/20 ____ Read Chapter 9, “Teaching Culturally & Linguistically Diverse Students 10/20 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Teaching Diverse Students ___ Think-aloud ___ Semantic question Map ___ Connection Stems ___ Sketch and Label Connections ___ Purpose Questions ___ Bookmark technique ___ Concept of Definition Map ___ Internet-related projects _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text 10/27 ____ Read Chapter 10, “Writing in the Content Areas” ____ DUE: Literacy Diagnostic Case Studies ____ Read Chapter 3, Content-Area Writing, “Quick Writes” PRIVATE WRITING vs. PUBLIC WRITING 11/1 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Private Writing ___ Writing Break ___ Exit Slip ___ Admit Slip ___ Brainstorming ___ Drawing and Illustrating ___ Clustering ___ Mapping ___ Content Area Inventory ___ Content History ___ Journals ___ Dialogue Journals—prompted and unprompted ___ Double-entry journals (Learning logs) ___ Investigative journals ___ Written conversations ___ Tickets Outs ___ Write and Sketch in Math and Science _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text 11/8 ____ Read Chapter 15, “Meeting Challenges and Continuing to Learn through Professional Development” 11/3 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Public Writing ___ Be a Math or Science Author ___ Paragraph Frames ___ Structured Note Taking ___ Text Boxes ___ Eye Witness Account ___ Descriptive timeline ___ First-Person Experiences ___ Inquiring Minds ___ Letters ___ Oral History Project ___ Poetry ___ Student-Authored Alphabet Books ___ Transmediations ___ Travelogues _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text 11/10 NO CLASS – TPA Work Day ____ DUE General Characteristic Chart (Learning about your students) TPA Task 2 Overview 11/15 Read Chapter 12, “Inquiry – Key to Critical and Creative Thinking in the Content Areas ASKING QUESTIONS/INQUIRING ____ Fieldwork packet DUE 11/22 TPA Task 2 Work Day 11/29 TPA Task 2 DUE ____ Read Chapter 11, “Using Technology in the Content Areas” USING TECHNOLOGY 12/6 ____ Read Chapter 13, “Poetry, Drama, Music, and Art – Alternative Representations of Thinking” ____ DUE: Instructional Strategies Binder with lists of possibilities INNOVATING 11/17 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Inquiry Approach ___ Dramatized Problem-based learning ___ Ripped from the Headlines: Real-Life Investigations ___ First Person Experiences ___ The Rest of the Story ___ Press Conference ___ Inquiring Minds ___ Oral History Project _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text 11/24 Thanksgiving – No class 12/1 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Using Technology ___ Internet Workshop ___ Internet Project ___ Internet Inquiry ___ Webquest _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text 12/8 Content Area Mini-Lessons Demonstrations: Alternative Approaches ___ Acrostic Poems ___ Cinquain ___ Diamantes ___ Definition Poems ___ Repeated Phrase Collaborative Poems ___ Dinner Party ___ Meeting of the Minds ___ Living Newspaper Theater ___ Snapshots of History ___ Lyric Summaries ___ Rapping for Review ___ In My Mind’s EYE ___ Student-created Electronic Picture Books ___ Electronic Alphabet Book ___ Student-Authored Electronic Informational Books ___ Transmediation _X_ strategy found in your self-selected text Thursday, Dec. 15, 12:00-2:00 -- Individual Job interviews – focus: Literacy Bibliography (build your professional library) Burke, J. (2002). Tools for Thought: Graphic organizers for your classroom. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Buehl, D. (2001, 2nd ed) Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning. Neward, DE: International Reading Association. Daniels, H. & Bizar, M. (2005). Teaching the Best Practice Way: Methods that matter, K-12. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. Daniels, H. & Zemelman, S. (2004). Subjects Matter: Every teacher’s guide to content-area reading. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Daniels, H., Zemelman, S., & Steineke, N. (2007). Content-Area Writing: Every teacher’s guide. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Fisher, D. & Frey, N. (2008). Wordwise and Content rich: Five essential steps to teaching academic vocabulary, grades 7-12. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Gallagher, K. (2009). Readicide: How schools are killing read and what you can do about it. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. Graham, S. & Hebert, M. (2010). Writing to Read: Evidence of how writing can improve reading. Carnegie Foundation: Alliance for Excellent Education. King, R., Erickson, C., & Sebranek, J. (2012). Inquire: A guide to 21st century skills. Burlington, WI: Thoughtful Learning. Lemov, D. (2010). Teach Like a Champion. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. McLaughin, M. (2010). Content Area Reading: Teaching and Learning in an age of Multiple Literacies. Boston, MA: Pearson Parris, S., Fisher, D.; & Headley, K. (2009). Adolescent Literacy, Field Tested: Effective solutions for every classroom. International Reading Association. Poindexter, C. (2004). Literacy in the Content Areas: A handbook for middle and high school teachers. National Catholic Education Association. Reiss, J. (2012, 2nd ed.). Content Strategies for English Language Learners: Teaching for academic success in secondary school. Boston, MA: Pearson. Schmoker, M. (2011). Focus: Elevating the essentials to radically improve student learning. Alexandria, VA ASCD. Sieberman, M. (1996). Active Learning: 101 strategies to teach any subject. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Tovani, C. (2004). Do I Really Have to Teach Reading? Content Comprehension, Grade 6-12. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. Tovani, C. (2000). I Read It, But I Don’t Get It: Comprehension strategies for adolescent readers. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. Wood, K. & Taylor, D. B. (2006, 2nd ed) Literacy Strategies Across the Subject Areas: Process-oriented blackline masters for the K-12 classroom. Boston, MA: Pearson. Zwiers, J. (2008). Building Academic Language: Essential practices for content classrooms grades 5-12. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.