Mike Riddle
Topics
PART 1: Cloning - the results
 PART 2: Stem cells: what are they?
 PART 3: The sanctity of human life –
when does it begin?

What Is Cloning?
A
clone is a genetically identical copy of
a living organism, such as the famous
sheep ‘Dolly’
 Similar
to an identical twin
Hello Dolly
July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the
Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
She was cloned using a cell taken from
a healthy six-year-old sheep
Cloning and the Cell
Its all about DNA
Cloning Depends on DNA
Nucleus
Chromosome
Chromosomes
16
56
24
Chromosomes
78
40
46
The Making of Dolly
Step 1: Take the Nucleus (DNA) out of a
sheep egg
Step 2: Transfer the Nucleus from a
sheep cell to a sheep egg
Empty
DNA
DNA
Sheep Egg
Sheep Cell
Good-Bye Dolly



At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature
aging
Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive
lung disease (symptom of old age)
Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when
she was born - WHY?
It’s all about DNA
Telomeres
Telomeres
Gene 1
Gene 2
Chromosome
DNA
Telomere Length Illustration
8,000
Telomere
length in base
3,000
pairs
1,500
0 35 65
Age (years)
More on Dolly and Cloning
Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned
embryos to produce one sheep, meaning
276 failed.
Question
How many failures will it
take to produce a human
Other Cloned Animals
July 1998
cloned calves
Cloned
mouse
Cloned
mule
Other Cloned Animals
Mother
Rainbow
December 2001
Five cloned female
piglets, named Noel,
Angel, Star, Joy and
Mary
December 2001
The world's first
cloned kitten,
named “CC”
Zeeba-roo
Future Experiments
Tiger Bunny
The Bird-fish
CatCow
SparrowBoxer
TigerOwl
ButterCat
Catrilla
Rudolph Jaenisch (Stem Cell expert, MIT),
Interview with Christopher Scott (executive
director of Stem Cell Society, Stanford U.
Center for Biomedical Ethics), July 2004.
“You cannot get normal adult
animals from clones – it is not a
technical problem, it is a genetic
problem.”
The Risks of Cloning
High failure rate: over 95%
 Problems during later development

Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS) - larger
organs
 Kidney or brain malformations and
impaired immune systems

Abnormal gene expression patterns
 Telomere differences

Cloning, Life, and Evolution

Cloning is NOT evolution. Cloning
requires intelligent engineering and
nothing new is created.

Darwin convinced
many that humans are
a non-special species.
Two Types of Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
Therapeutic Cloning
Question
Is either type of cloning good?
The Goals of Cloning

The goal of reproductive cloning is to
produce a baby

The goal of therapeutic cloning is to
produce stem cells for research or
treatment
What are stem cells?
Stem Cells
Stem cells are the body’s master cells
1. The ability to self-regenerate
2. The ability to differentiate into
other cells
Two Types of Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cells (ESC)
Adult stem cells (ASC)
Human Embryo Development
ICM: Source of
embryonic stem cells
2-cell
embryo
4-cell
embryo
8-cell
embryo
Day 5
Blastocyst
Each individual begins as a single cell
Blastocyst
ICM: Source
of Embryonic
Stem Cells
Self-Renewal
Make copies of
themselves
Pluripotent
ESCs can give
rise to cells from
all three germ
layers
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
(Adult Stem Cells)
Differentiation
ESC
cell
cell
cell
ASC
cell
Cell
Cell
cell
cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
cell
Any cell type
Cell
cell
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)

Capable of differentiating into any of
200 cell types in the human body
 The
stem cells, or early embryo, are
disrupted from natural development
through chemical manipulation to
become specific tissue types
 Expectation
is they will be used to treat
unhealthy or diseased tissue
Adult Stem Cells

An alternative source (does not involve
the destruction of human embryos)

Can use your own cells – do not need
a donor

Many clinical advantages over ESCs
 No tissue rejection
 Found many places in the body
Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells
Where are they found?
Bone marrow
 Umbilical cord
 Blood
 Blood vessels
 Skeletal muscle
 Skin
 Heart

Brain
 Cornea
 Retina
 Fat
 Dental pulp
 Intestines
 Hair follicles

Adult Stem Cells
Currently used to treat over 80 diseases
Leukemia
Breast Cancer
Liver Disease
Cornea Restoration
Brain Tumors
Arthritis
Heart Disease
Ovarian Cancer
Multiple Myeloma
Systematic Lupus
Crohn’s Disease
Acute Heart Damage
Spinal Cord Injury
Sickle Cell Anemia
The Institute of Medicine of the National
Academies, Apr 14, 2005
“Blood from umbilical cords – a
byproduct of normal childbirth – is a
good source of potentially life-saving
stem cells. Transplants of these stem
cells have saved the lives of roughly
20,000 Americans with leukemia,
lymphoma, sickle cell anemia, and
several other illnesses in recent years.”
“By removing a small sample of these
cells [limbar stem cells] it was possible to
culture a new cornea and graft it on to the
damaged eye. The team showed that of
240 patients who were operated on in this
way, the cornea regenerated successfully
in 70% of cases.”
Cornea
Restoring Eyesight
“Six blind patients have had their eyesight restored after undergoing
pioneering stem cell transplants….
Using stem cells from tissue donors,
surgeons grew the cells in the laboratory
before transplanting them onto the
patients’ eyes.”
Richard Gray, Science Correspondent
June, 2008
Breakthrough in Non-Embryonic
Stem Cell Research
October 31, 2006
Researchers in Great Britain achieved
a medical breakthrough by growing a
tiny human liver using adult stem cells.
The 16th annual Biotech conference,
“Regenerative Medicine – The Driving
Force for Dr. Anthony Atala,” May 14,
2007
In 1999, scientists transplanted the first
laboratory-grown bladders into patients
with poor bladder function due to birth
defects.
The bladders were grown using the
patients’ own stem cells.
Cerebral Palsy
“China stem cell hopes for cerebral palsy
girl”, May 15, 2007, www.telegraph.co.uk
“A hospital in China has made a
breakthrough in treating cerebral palsy.
The procedure involves injecting stem
cells into the spinal cord fluid. The stem
cells then flow directly into the brain.
Continued
The treatment at a Neurosurgical
Hospital in Beijing has already helped a
19-year-old from Hungary to walk, sit
up, swim, concentrate for longer, see
better and speak.
The two-month treatment in China uses
stem cells taken from the umbilical
cords [Adult Stem Cells] of healthy
babies. These develop into new nerve
cells and repair some of the brain
damage.”
Diabetes
Daniel Martin “Stem cells could spell end for
diabetes jabs,” www.dailymail.co.uk,
15 April 2007.
“Scientists revealed findings of a study
which shows that 15 young patients
with type one diabetes overcame their
dependence on insulin after being
treated with their own stem cells.”
Heart Tissue Regeneration
Stem Cell Therapy Breakthrough for
Heart Patients, Sep 18, 2007
Cardiologists at Düsseldorf University
Hospital use stem cell therapy to save a
patient who suffered from a severe heart
attack.
Continued
The therapy involved extracting adult
stem cells from the patient's bone marrow
and then inserting them. The procedure
took about a half hour.
The results were immediate, with his
heart increasing to 41 percent efficiency
from 11 percent before the procedure.
Liver Cancer
Scientists at the University of Düsseldorf
have successfully taken bone marrow
stem cells from liver cancer patients and
used them to regrow liver cells in their
patients. Two years after the procedure,
six of the eight patients have healthy
livers.
Celia Hall, Medical Editor “Stem cell treatment
saves liver cancer patients” The Telegraph
March 27, 2007
Washington, DC - March 24, 2008
Stem Cell Implant to the Brain Helps
Improve Parkinson's Symptoms
“All of the patients with Parkinson's
disease who were treated by
implantation of stem cells [bone marrow]
into the brain have achieved substantial
improvement in terms of beneficial
changes that were apparent within 1
week of the implant procedure.”
Embryonic Stem Cells: Three Primary
Problems
1. The potential for tissue rejection in the
cells
2. The propensity to form tumors
3. Abortion
May, 2009
United Spinal Association Reports
Positive Results of [Adult] Stem
Cell Transplantation to Treat
Multiple Sclerosis
September, 2009
“British scientists have pioneered a
breakthrough technique involving adult
stem cell research to help patients who
may otherwise need a hip replacement.
The new technique, which involves the
use of a patient's own stem cells, shows
adult cells continue to be more
promising than embryonic ones.”
October, 2009
“In the first procedure of its kind,
doctors at Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center replaced a 14year-old boy’s missing cheekbones - in
part by repurposing stem cells from his
own body.”
December, 2009
A recent study from Northwestern
University in Chicago has shown that
transplanting adult stem cells into the
heart muscle of subjects with severe
angina (chest pain due to blocked
arteries) lessens pain and improves the
ability to walk.
http://www.ncregister.com/daily/another_adult_stemcell_advance/
“Scientists' stem cell
breakthrough ends
ethical dilemma”
Ian Sample (science
correspondent), Mar 2009
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/mar/
01/stem-cells-breakthrough
Continued
“British and Canadian scientists have
found a way of reprogramming skin cells
taken from adults, effectively winding the
clock back on the cells until they were in
an embryonic form.
Because the cells can be made from a
patient's own skin, they carry the same
DNA and so could be used without a risk
of being rejected by the immune system.”
April 2010
Scientists have extracted stem
cells from blood vessels removed
during operations and used them
to stimulate the growth of new
arteries.
Stem cell breakthrough gives heart patients
hope, Robin McKie, science editor,
The Observer, Sunday 25 April 2010
June, 2010
Patients blinded in one or both eyes by
chemical burns regained their vision
after healthy stem cells were extracted
from their eyes and re-implanted.
The cells grew into healthy corneal
tissue, transforming disfigured, opaque
eyes into functioning ones with normal
appearance.
http://www.smh.com.au/world/stem-cell-use-restoressight-20100620-ypbt.html
June, 2010
Researchers at Mt. Sinai School of
Medicine (New York City) recently
achieved the major accomplishment of
reprogramming a skin cell to make it
beat as a normal heart cell.
http://statenisland.ny1.com/content/ny1_living/120
433/converted-stem-cells-to-aid-heart-diseaseresearch-at-mt--sinai
October, 2011
Researchers from the Wellcome Trust
Sanger Institute today announced a new
technique to reprogram human cells, such
as skin cells, into stem cells. Their
process increases the efficiency of cell
reprogramming by one hundred-fold and
generates cells of a higher quality at a
faster rate.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/23574
1.php
October, 2011
An immune tolerance treatment that has
been 30 years in the making has shown
promise in a small study where 8 of 12
kidney transplant patients were
successfully weaned off their daily
immunosuppressive drugs.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/235635.
php, and New England Journal of Medicine
Allvoices Paris, France, Nov 12, 2011
“Artificial Blood Created from Stem Cells and
Given to a Human”
The first successful transfusion of “laboratory
grown blood” has been given to a human.
Scientists extracted blood stem cells from a
volunteer’s bone marrow and grew red blood
cells. After the cells were cultured, they were
injected back into the donor’s body with
excellent results, …. The cells functioned just
like normal blood cells, effectively carrying
oxygen around the body.
ScienceDaily, Nov. 22, 2011
University of Central Florida researchers,
for the first time, have used stem cells to
grow neuromuscular junctions between
human muscle cells and human spinal
cord cells, the key connectors used by
the brain to communicate and control
muscles in the body.
February 13, 2012
Scientists at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
in Los Angeles and Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore were able to treat
17 heart attack patients with cells grown
from their own heart tissue. Not only did
this show that the procedure was safe, it
also showed that the cells can help
reduce scarring and even cause new
heart muscle to grow.
Stem Cell Facts
Experiments using embryonic stem cells
have yielded no cures or practical benefits
since they were first identified in 1981.
Since 2001 adult stem cells have been
used to treat damaged and even severed
spinal cords.
Score Card
Stem Cell Treatments
ADULT
EMBRYONIC
Multiple Sclerosis
Heart disease
Chron’s Disease
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
PART 3
The Sanctity of Human Life
Who Is Having Abortions?
18% of U.S. women obtaining abortions
are teenagers
85 % of women having abortions are
unmarried
37% of women obtaining abortions identify
as Protestant and 28% as Catholic
Source: Jones RK, Finer LB and Singh S,
Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients, 2008, New
York: Guttmacher Institute, 2010.
Two Important Questions
When do we become a person?
When does human life begin?
The Bible and Human Life
For You formed my inward
parts; You covered me in my
mother’s womb. I will praise
You, for I am fearfully and
wonderfully made;
Ps 139:13-14a
The Bible and Human Life
Thus saith the LORD that
made thee, and formed
thee from the womb
Isaiah 44:2
The Unborn and God
Psalm 139:16
Your eyes saw my substance,
being yet unformed.
And in Your book they all were
written,
The days fashioned for me, When
as yet there were none of them.
The Bible and Human Life
According as he hath chosen
us in him before the
foundation of the world, that
we should be holy and without
blame before him in love:
Ephesians 1:4
Two Important Questions
When do we become a person?
Before the foundation of the world
When does human life begin?
The Human Baby
Timeline
Conception
30
Birth
30 weeks: By this time the baby is
completely formed and will continue to
develop until delivery. The baby may
also be able to recognize voices outside
the womb.
The Human Baby
Timeline
Conception
20
26
Birth
26 weeks: Brain wave patterns resemble
those of a full term baby at birth. Eyes are
partially open and eyelashes present.
Sucking and swallowing present.
 20 weeks: Eyebrows and scalp hair are
visible and the baby blinks often.

The Human Baby
14 weeks: Ability to move head, mouth,
lips, arms, wrists, hands, legs, feet, and
toes.
 10 weeks: Brain structure is complete
and the brain mass increases rapidly.
Socket for all twenty teeth are formed in
gums. Face has human appearance.


18 days: The heart is forming and the
eyes are developing.
Seventh week: fingers and toes
At 10 weeks, the baby can move
arms and legs with a range of
movements that are fluid and flexible
12 week old baby performing
walking movements in the womb
Brain begins to coordinate
contraction of muscles
Babies produce a motion approximating
yawning from as early as 12 weeks
Hand
grasping
feet
Grasping begins early and becomes
better established during the last
trimester. Babies grasp hands, feet,
fingers, toes and, most commonly,
their umbilical cords.
20 weeks
Arms on top of head
30 Weeks
Yawning
Smiling
21 Weeks
Eyes
Nose
29 weeks
Sucking thumb
31 weeks
When Does Life Begin?
Dr. Alfred Bongioanni, Professor of
Obstetrics at the University of Pennsylvania
“I have learned from my earliest
medical education that human life
begins at the time of conception…”
When Does Life Begin?
Dr. Jerome LeJeune (Genetics Professor),
Subcommittee on Separation of Powers to
Senate Judiciary Committee, 1981.
“It is no longer a matter of taste or
opinion. Each individual has a very
neat beginning, at conception.”
When Does Life Begin?
Micheline Matthews-Roth (Professor
Harvard Medical School), 1981.
“It is scientifically correct to say that
an individual human life begins at
conception.”
Bruce Carlson, Human embryology and
Developmental Biology, 1994, p.3.
“Human pregnancy
begins with the fusion
of an egg and a
sperm, ….”
What a pregnant woman never says:
The blob of tissue kicked me
 My fetus kicked me

It is always, “My baby kicked me.”
10
weeks
5
months
21 Weeks in the Womb
Sarah
Marie
Switzer
Picture by Michael Clancy, 1999
Michael Clancy, Photojournalist, 1999.
“I was totally in shock for two hours after
the surgery…. I know abortion is wrong
now – it’s absolutely wrong.”
Two Important Questions
When do we become a person?
Before the foundation of the world
When does human life begin?
At conception
Adolf Hitler, April 1889 - April
1945
“The demand that defective people be
prevented from propagating equally
defective offspring. . . represents the
most humane act of mankind.”
Mein Kampf, vol. 1, ch. 10, 1925.
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Sanger (1879 – 1966)
Founder of Planned Parenthood
“The most merciful thing that a large
family does to one of its infant members
is to kill it.”
Margaret Sanger, Women and the New Race,
Eugenics Publ. Co., 1920, 1923.
Destruction of Human Life
A hand taken from the discarded
remains of an abortion
Herod Kills the Children
Matthew 2:16
Then Herod, when he saw that he was
deceived by the wise men, was
exceedingly angry; and he sent forth and
put to death all the male children who
were in Bethlehem and in all its districts,
from two years old and under…
This was a horrifying act
There have been more than 50
million abortions in the U.S. since
the Supreme Court legalized
unrestricted killing of babies on
January 22, 1973
Motherhood
Mary O’Brien Drum, “Meeting in the
Radical Middle,” Sojourners, Nov. 1980.
“After a women is pregnant, she cannot
choose whether or not she wishes to
become a mother. She already is… all
that is left to decide is whether she will
deliver her baby dead or alive.”
The Results of Evolution Teaching

Mankind is just another animal

Pro-abortion movement is based largely
on evolution thinking (Darwinism)
Textbook: Biology: Life on Earth, 2005,
p. 739.
“When contraception fails, pregnancy
can be terminated by abortion.”
Some Terms
And
Tricks of the Trade
But evil men and imposters will
grow worse and worse, deceiving
and being deceived.
2 Timothy 3:13
What is a Fetus?
Toddler and Adolescent
Refer to humans at particular stages
of development.
Fetus is a Latin word
translated ‘offspring,’
‘young one,’ or ‘little one.’
Fertilization (Conception)
Sperm: part of
one human (23
chromosomes)
Oocyte (egg):
part of one
human (23
chromosomes)
Each possess
human life,
but are not
living human
beings
Fertilization (Conception)
Sperm: part of
one human (23
chromosomes)
Oocyte (egg):
part of one
human (23
chromosomes)
Combine to form
a new unique
human being (46
chromosomes
An embryonic,
single-celled
human zygote
Living Organisms
Each kind of living organism has a specific
number of chromosomes that are
characteristic for the species
Mosquito
Tomato
Alligator
Earthworm
Pig
Cat
2
24
32
36
38
38
Rabbit
Human
Potato
Chimpanzee
Cow
Dog
44
46
48
48
60
78
Humans and Chromosomes
Every human somatic (body) cell has
46 chromosomes
The Sanctity of Human Life
Responding to common challenges
Challenge 1
Pro-lifers claim that the abortion of a
human embryo is wrong because it
destroys human life. But human
sperms and eggs are also human life.
Challenge 1 Response
There is a scientific difference between
sperm and egg (part of human life – 23
chromosomes) and the human embryo.
The embryo has 46 chromosomes
which is characteristic of all human life.
Therefore, destroying a human sperm
or egg does not constitute abortion.
Challenge 2
The product of fertilization is just a
“blob,” or bunch of cells.
The product of fertilization is just a
“potential” or “possible” human being
– not a real existing human being.
Challenge 2 Response
The human embryo formed at
fertilization is a whole human being
(46 chromosomes), because it
contains all the information for
continued growth and development.
Therefore it is not just a “blob” or a
bunch of cells.
Albert Mohler (President of The Southern
Baptist Theological Seminary), Weblog, Sep
2010
“A closer look at that statement will
reveal that, once it is denied that life
begins at conception, there is no real
scientific answer to the question of when
life does begin.”
www.albertmohler.com
Challenge 3
A single-cell human embryo is not a
human being because it does not
look like a human being.
Challenge 3 Response
A single-cell human zygote, or a more
developed human embryo, or human
fetus is a human being. That is the way
they are supposed to look at those
particular periods of development.
Challenge 4
The embryo and the embryonic period
(human life) begin at implantation (6 10 days).
Implantation: The act of the fertilized
egg attaching to the uterine wall.
Bruce Carlson, Human embryology and
Developmental Biology, 1994, p.3.
“Finally, the fertilized egg, now
properly called an embryo, must
enter the uterus, where it sinks into
the uterine lining (implantation) to
be nourished by the mother.”
Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary
(1828 and 1913) defined “pregnant” as
“having conceived” (or “the state of a
female who has conceived”).
Noah Webster
The 26th edition of Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary defined conception as the “act
of conceiving, or becoming pregnant;
fertilization of the oocyte [egg].”
Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary, 26th edition
(Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins, 1995), p. 377.
Tommy Mitchell, M.D., The New
Answers Book 2, 2008, p. 316.
“This implantation process begins on day
six following fertilization and can continue
until around day nine. Some now suggest
that it is not until this time that the zygote
can be called human life. However,
achieving implantation does not make the
individual more human; rather,
implantation makes the individual more
likely to survive.”
Challenge 5
The product of fertilization, up to 14
days, is not an embryo; it is just a
‘pre-embryo’ and therefore it can be
used in experimental research,
aborted or donated.
Challenge 5 Response
Roana O‘Rahilly and Faiola
Muller, Human Embryology &
Teratology (3rd ed.) (New York:
Wiley-Liss, 2001)
There is no such thing as a preembryo. The term is a myth that
dates back to at least 1979 to
justify experiments (and abortion).
Challenge 6
The morning after pill (emergency
contraception), RU486, the IUD, and the
new Ella drug do not cause abortions,
they are just methods of contraception.
Challenge 6 Response
These can all cause an abortion if
fertilization has taken place. They
would then act to prevent the
implantation of an already existing
human embryo. If the human embryo
is prevented from implanting into the
uterus the embryo dies.
The FDA and the RU-486 Drug
April 2011
15 women in the United States
have died from using RU-486
(mifepristone) abortion drug and
2,207 women have been injured.
Medical Problems with RU-486
612 women required hospitalizations
 339 experienced blood loss significant
enough to require a transfusion
 256 experienced infections
 48 women experienced what the FDA
labeled as “severe infections.”

Challenge 7
Why are Christians are against a
woman’s right to choose?
Challenge 7: Response

Christians are not against a woman's
right to choose her own future

We are against women choosing to
destroy others futures (unborn babies)

We are for women knowng the truth
about abortion

We are for upholding the authority of
God’s Word
There are no good reasons
for killing a child
Our Creator
But God, who is rich in mercy,
because of His great love with
which He loved us,
Even when we were dead in
trespasses, made us alive
together with Christ (by grace
you have been saved)
Ephesians 2:4-5
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