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Epidermis
Dermis
Acne
Subcutaneous layer
Dermatologist
• Onion and rubber glove. How is either of
these items a model for the structure or
function of our skin?
• The skin is made up of several layers, it is very
thin, and offers protection from infection.
• Your skin helps you stay healthy.
• Skin may look simple, but like our
demonstration, it is a complex organ and does
many jobs.
• Skin is the largest organ of your body. Your skin,
unlike other organs (heart and lungs) can be
seen.
• There are three parts to the skin.
• The outermost and visible layer of the skin is
called the epidermis. The outermost cells of
the epidermis are DEAD.
• The layer of living cells beneath the epidermis
that is thick is called the dermis.
• Below the dermis is a layer of fat called the
subcutaneous, which connects skin to bones
and muscles and helps you keep warm.
• Blood vessels, nerve endings-which give you a
sense of touch, hair follicles, and glands are all
found in the dermis.
• Oil glands help keep the skin soft and waterproof.
• Sweat glands secrete perspiration, which is
released through tiny holes in your skin called
pores.
• Sweat is how your body cools off and helps
eliminate some waste. These layers protect you
from germs that could enter your body.
• Draw and label a diagram of the skin
• Under each label, write what each part of the
skin does. Explain how each part of the skin
helps people to stay healthy.
When you fall off your bike or get a paper cut (cut or
puncture the skin), you are at risk for getting an
infection. Proper skin care should be part of your daily
routine. Here are some ways to keep your skin healthy.
•Keep Your Skin Clean- Bathe or shower everyday with
mild soap, will help get rid of bacteria and excess
oils on your skin. If you wear makeupUSE non-greasy products and make sure to wash
it off before you go to bed.
•Protect Your Skin From the Sun- Sun rays can cause premature aging
and even skin cancer. Always wear sunscreen and protective clothing
in the sun. For example, wear a hat to protect your eyes, ears, face,
and neck from too much sun. Avoid sunlight or use EXTRA sunscreen
between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. How many of you go to the tanning
bed? According to the Food and Drug Administration, the light used in
tanning beds may cause skin cancer and damage to your immune
system. Tanning beds are not safe.
•Treat Your Skin Gently- Harsh scrubbing, squeezing, or picking
blemishes can result in scars. Always administer appropriate first aid
to cuts, scrapes, and burns.
• Sometimes our glands can make too much oil
and our pores can get clogged.
• ACNE- is an inflammation of the skin that
happens when pores get clogged with dirt
and oil.
• The bumps that develop are from acne are
called pimples.
• Many teens will experience acne.
• Try not to stress, because stress can make
acne worse.
• Relieve stress in healthy ways to help keep your acne
under control (get plenty of rest, drink plenty of water- 8
glasses a day, eat a balanced diet, will all help your skin
get the nutrients it needs).
• During puberty, hormones can over stimulate oil glands in
the face, chest, neck, and back, resulting in clogged hair
follicles and pores.
• This clogged bacteria releases chemicals that may irritate
the skin causing the bumps on the surface.
• Minor acne can be treated with over-thecounter products and good hygiene.
• Washing the face with mild soap and water
every morning and evening. DO NOT scrub the
skin.
• Choose oil free hair care and cosmetics.
• Keep your hand and hair away from the infected
area.
• Serious cases of acne should be seen by a
dermatologist- a physician who treats skin
disorders.
• Cold Sores- These are small blisters or sores near
or on the lip caused by herpes simplex virus 1.
They will usually go away in 10-14 days, but will
spread if they are scratched. Do not let anyone
touch the sore and ALWAYS wash your hands
after touching them.
• Warts- These are small growths on the skin
caused by a virus and can be spread to others by
touch. Over-the-counter medicines might help
over time, or the wart may go away on their
own. If not, see a doctor about treatment.
• The sun can harm your skin, so try to keep your skin safe
from too much sun.
• Sun burns can be caused by the ultraviolet light (UV) rays in
the sunshine, and damage skin.
• UVB rays are usually the cause of sunburns, while UVA rays
contribute to skin aging, but can also cause sunburn.
• Both can cause skin cancer and wrinkles.
• Best way to protect yourself: use sunscreen of SPF 15 ( 15
times 15 minutest) or higher and wear protective clothing.
• Protecting your skin during teen years will help you look
and feel better for years to come.
• Anytime the skin is punctured, you risk infection because
pathogens (germs) can now enter the body.
• Even if a tattoo or piercing is performed under sterile
conditions, the skin is open to germs until it can heal.
• Tattoos may cost $50 to get, but $1,000 dollars to
remove.
• Tattoo equipment and studios may look clean, but
maybe unsanitary.
• Non sterile needles and equipment may cause infections,
allergic reactions, or worse- contract Hepatitis B or C
from needles or the ink.
• People who apply tattoos do not have a special
education or license.
• Exit Slip- Do you use any type of sun tan
product? What factors influence your decisions
to use or not to use a particular product? Will
your habits change after this lesson? If you were
to get a tattoo- would you be proud of the
tattoo years from now? How could it work
against you when you look for a job?
• Homework- Pretend you are preparing for a day
at the beach. Make a list of the items to include
in your beach bag.
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Dandruff
Head lice
Cuticle
Hangnail
Ingrown toenail
• Count the number of ads you see from
television, newspaper, radio, magazines,
billboards, or other places for hair care
products. Then tell me in a paragraph why
you think there are so many ads for hair care
products and how being exposed to this
many ads may affect a person who sees
them.
• Hair grows from follicles on almost every part of your skin.
• Hair is made of material called keratin.
• Keratin’s strength allows hair to stick out from the surface
of the skin.
This helps you in two ways.
---It helps trap air near the skin. This helps to keep
you warm. Hair also helps you sense the world
around you.
---If something touches your hair, it lets you know
through the nerve endings that something is close.
(Gently touch your eyelash to see how hair helps
with your sense of touch).
• The same hormones that contribute to acne
can affect your hair.
• An oil gland is attached to each strand of hair.
• Normally, the oils make hair shiny and
attractive.
• During puberty however, the oil glands can
secrete too much oil, making the hair look
and feel greasy.
•Wash your hair with a gentle (mild) shampoo and warm
water frequently (at least TWICE a week) to not hurt or dry
out your scalp.
•Let your hair air dry when you can, the heat from the blow
dryers can rob your hair of oils and make it look rough and
dry
•Brush or comb your hair a few times a day to remove dirt
( use a soft brush and brush gently).
•Avoid dyes, permanent, and hair spray that can damage
hair. Some styling gels and conditioners can build up on hair
making it look and feel greasy. Avoid preparations that
contain alcohol and can dry out your hair.
Keeping your hair neat and clean can help it stay healthy. Trimming
and brushing your hair helps keep it neat.
• A dry scalp can make flaky, dried clumps of dead cells called dandruff.
• It can often be controlled with a special shampoo, but if the problem
persists, see a doctor.
• You may have a skin infection or scalp condition.
• An itchy scalp is another common problem.
• It may be caused by head lice.
• Head lice are small insects that live on the scalp and suck blood. Lice
lay eggs on hair shafts.
• Special shampoos can help a person get rid of lice, but it’s best to
avoid lice in the first place.
• Make sure to wash all items that have touched your head, such as,
bedding, towels, and hats. DO NOT share hats, combs, brushes, or
any other items that can transfer lice to you.
• Nails grow from nail beds that grow out of the skin’s dermis,
between the base of your nail and the knuckle closest to it.
• Like your hair, your nails are made of keratin.
• The keratin in nails forms hard layers, helping to protect sensitive
ends of fingers and toes.
• Around the base of each nail is a fold of epidermis called the
cuticle.
• The cuticle may become dry and cracked, causing it to be painful.
• Using lotion on your hands help your cuticles stay soft and
healthy.
• Taking care of your nails and cuticles is important for your
appearance and your health.
• Fingernails help with every day tasks, such as, picking up a pin or
scratching an itch.
• Keeping your fingernails and toenails cleaned and
trimmed is important.
• Germs and dirt collect under nails.
• Even when you cannot see bugs and bacteria,
THEY ARE TEHRE!
• When washing your hands, carefully clean
underneath your fingernails with a brush.
• When you bathe, make sure your toenails are
clean.
• Because germs collect under your nails, biting
them is not healthy.
• Instead, use a nail clipper or pair of scissors to trim your nails. When
trimming, make sure to do it neatly.
• Some minor problems can affect nails.
• A hangnail may occur which is a split in the cuticle along the edge
of the fingernail.
• If you carefully cut away the broken skin, then the cuticle should
heal in a few days.
• An ingrown toenail is a condition in wish the nail pushes into the
skin on the side of the toe.
• This can happen if you cut your toenails in a curve rather than
straight across, or if you wear shoes that are too tight.
• If the toe becomes inflamed or sore, see a doctor because it may be
infected.
• Write a short skit at your table to be
performed for the class on a person who has
lost their nails. Do not tell me HOW they lost
their nails, but HOW the loss OF the nails
affect their life now.
• Exit Slip- Which daily tasks would be difficult
without fingernails. Explain.
•Plaque
•Cavity
•Periodontium
•Orthodontist
•Gingivitis
•Periodontal disease
• Just like our fingers, teeth have nerve endings
too.
• There are sensitive nerve endings around our
fingers.
• The nerve endings of our teeth are inside the
tooth, in the pulp.
• The pulp is protected by the dentin and the
enamel.
• What are the benefits of having unprotected
nerve endings on fingers, but heavily protected
nerve endings in teeth?
Your mouth, teeth, and tongue play an important role in
your health and appearance. They allow you to taste and
digest food, speak, and make positive impressions on
others.
•Taste- Food touches taste buds on your tongue and
sends a signal to the brain. The brain tells you
whether the food was salty, sweet, sour, or bitter.
•Digesting- This begins in your mouth. Your teeth
and tongue break food into smaller pieces and the
salvia moistens the food and starts to change it
chemically.
•Speaking- The constant and vowel sounds you make are formed by
precise placement of the tongue, lips, teeth, and other parts of the
mouth. Figure out which parts of the mouth are used to make the
following letter sounds: (f,l,p,w,m,n) What would it be like if someone
could not make their lips meet while communicating? What does that
difficulty suggest about the relationship of the mouth, to the process
of speaking?
•Appearance- Your teeth and mouth say a lot about who you are.
Healthy and clean teeth tell others that you care about yourself and
your appearance.
• Different types of teeth perform different
functions.
• The incisors in the front of your mouth, cut
and tear food while molars in the back of
your mouth, do the major work of chewing
food.
• There are three main parts of the tooth: the
crown, the neck, and the root.
• Each tooth is also made up of enamel, dentin,
pulp, and cementum.
• When you look at your teeth, you only see the part that
grows out from the gums.
• The shiny, white portion of the tooth is called the crown.
• It is white and hard because it is covered by enamel, the
hardest substance in the body.
• The area around a tooth is called the periodontum, a
structure made up of the jawbone, gums, and connectors
called ligaments.
• This structure supports the teeth.
• You should take care of problems with your teeth and
gums as soon as possible.
• If not, small problems may become big ones.
• Your gums should be bright and pink and free from
sores.
• Check them daily in the mirror.
• One of the most common tooth problems is- plaque.
• This is a mixture of bacteria, salvia, and food
particles.
• It is very sticky and binds the enamel of your teeth.
• The bacteria and acid found in plaque can cause bad
breath, and cavities.
• This is the gradual wearing of the enamel and dentin
layers.
• If you don’t clean food off your teeth after eating,
bacteria in the mouth will turn sugars in the food into
acid.
• Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substances in
your body, but acid can eat holes in it.
• A cavity is a hole in your tooth made by acids.
• A cavity begins when plaque forms on your tooth.
• The bacteria in the plaque make acids from food
particles.
• The plaque keeps the particles close to the enamel of the
teeth.
• You probably won’t feel anything at first.
• Then the decay will reach the dentin, and finally the pulp.
• Once it reaches the sensitive nerves inside, you will get a
toothache.
• Visit a dentist right away.
• Tooth decay and cavities are one of the most preventable
diseases in the United States.
• Some dental problems are inherited, but GOOD HABITS
and visits to the dentist can usually overcome them.
•Brush and Floss your teeth after eating and before
bedtime. Bacteria works rapidly, so it is important
to remove food particles after eating. If you can’t
brush after each meal, rinse your mouth with
water.
•Choose snack wisely. Raw veggies, plain yogurt,
and fruits are good choices. Avoid snacks high in
sugar, sodas, hard, and sticky candies.
•Protect your teeth when you play sports. Wear a
mouth guard.
•Get regular check ups. A dentist and dental
hygienist can clean your teeth and spot signs of
tooth decay and gum disease before they become a
problem.
• There are over 400 species of bacteria in the mouth. Not all are harmful.
• Bad breath, is often caused by failing to clean the teeth adequately.
• Other causes of bad are tooth decay, tobacco, and upset stomach.
• Tongue brushing and mouthwash use are important for controlling bad
breath.
• Gingivitis, is a common disorder in which the gums are red and sore and
bleed easily.
• This is the first stage of gum disease, and it can be cured with good oral
hygiene.
• Left untreated, gum disease can result in receding gum lines and tooth
loss.
• Advanced gum disease, in which the periodontium is infected is called
periodontal disease.
• Most adult tooth loss is the result of periodontal disease.
• Where does plaque begin to develop?
• What is the progression from food deposit to
a cavity.
• Describe the process taking place in each step
and identify each layer of the tooth affected
by each step of decay.
 Brush the outside of your teeth using small
circular or side-to-side strokes
 Brush the chewing surfaces
 Brush the inside surfaces
 Brush the tongues and rinse with mouthwash
or water
 Try to brush after each meal
 Brush before going to bed
 Brush in between teeth
 Brush your gums
 Wrap about 18 inches of floss around the middle
finger of each hand
 Grip the floss tightly between thumb and
forefinger
 Slide the floss back and forth between teeth
toward the gum line until it touches your gum
line.
 Forming a C with the floss around each tooth,
slide the floss back and forth as you move it up
and down the side of the tooth. Do the same for
all of your teeth.
 This helps to get trapped particles in between
teeth
• Plaque Attack
• Gum Stimulator Activity
• For many adolescents, the teen years are when braces are
applied to correct crooked or poorly aligned teeth.
• The main cause is heredity, but thumb sucking and tooth
loss can also cause teeth to not line properly.
• An orthodontist is a dentist who prevents or
corrects problems with the alignment or spacing
of teeth.
• Orthodontists recommend braces which provide steady
pressure on the teeth to gently move them into desired
positions
• Create a skit at their table about a character
who suffers from a dental problem. The
problem could be developing a cavity, loosing
a tooth, or getting braces. The story should
address how the problem occurred, what the
character did to solve the problem, and how
having the problem affected his or her life
before it was corrected.
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Cornea
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Retina
Optometrist
Ophthalmologist
• Picture Time
• Your eyes are your window to the world.
• They help to distinguish shapes, colors, movement,
and light.
• It is through your eyes that you gain most of your
knowledge.
• Your eyes are covered by your eyelids.
• The eyelids protect your eyes and bathe them in tears
to remove dust and harmful bacteria.
• Light first passes through the cornea- clear, protective
structure at the front of the eye.
• It controls the amount of light that enters by opening
and closing the pupil.
• The pupil is the hole in the iris.
• The pupil gets bigger in low light and smaller in bright
light.
• The lens focuses the light on the retina at the back of
the eye.
• The retina is the part of the eye that contains millions
of light-sensitive cells that detect the energy from the
light.
• These cells convert light energy into nerve signals
that are sent along the optic nerve to the brain.
• In the retina are millions of nerve endings.
• There are rods and cones.
• Rods help distinguish objects in shades of black,
white, and gray.
• Cones distinguish in the colors red, blue, and
green.
• When the information is mixed then you are
able to see all possible colors.
• Cones helps you see colors in bright light and
rods are used in dim light.
 Wear a protective face mask or goggles whenever your
eyes could be hit or hurt. Always wear eye protection
when working in science labs, when playing sports that
could hurt your eyes, or when working with tools.
 Wear sunglasses to prevent eye damage from the sun.
 Don’t rub your eyes. Rubbing your eyes can spread germs
from your hands to your eyes, which can lead to infection.
 Get regular eye exams, and follow your doctor’s advise. If
you are supposed to wear glasses, wear them.
 Never wear glasses that prescribed to someone else.
• Ophthalmologist- a medical doctor who
specializes in medical and surgical treatment of
the eyes, and who prescribes corrective lenses.
• Optometrist- professional who checks your
vision and prescribes corrective lenses.
• Both provide eye checkups.
• If you wear eye glasses or contact lenses, have
your eyes checked once a year. If you do not have
either, then once every two years will suffice.
• Your eye doctor checks for glaucoma and
cataracts during an examination.
Common vision problems:
• Farsightedness- Distant objects are clear, but
close ones are blurred.
• Nearsightedness- Close objects are clear and
far away ones are blurred.
• Astigmatism- Images are distorted or blurred
because of an irregular shaped lens or
cornea.
• Most vision problems can be corrected with eye
glasses or contact lenses.
• Eye glasses are the more common choice
because they less expensive and require fewer
visits to the doctor.
• They do not require special cleaning or storage.
• Many American wear contact lenses.
• Contacts can be worn for a week, but increase
the chances of infections or cornea damages.
• Safety glasses used in science labs. Have
students perform various activities: pouring a
glass of water, signing their name).
• This is what it is like for someone with
cataracts.
• Perform a skit of visiting the eye doctor and
discovering that they must wear glasses. Skit
should address concerns about wearing
glasses, as well as what options are available
for treatment.
• Exit Slip- List the parts of the eye in order that
light travels through the eye.
•Eustachian tube
•Decibel
•Cochlea
• Sound Activity
• Sound waves are caused by vibrations that travel through solids, liquids,
or air.
Example: drum struck, vibrations go in the air.
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Sound waves enter in the outer ear and are funneled to the middle ear
through the ear canal.
• The sound waves cause the ear drum to vibrate.
• The vibrations in the ear drum move three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, and
stirrup.
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The vibrations of the ear bones are transferred through a small
membrane to the cochlea- a tiny, snail-shaped, fluid-filled part of the
inner ear.
• The fluid moves when vibrations come into the inner ear.
• Cells convert vibration into nerve impulses that are sent to
the brain and processed into recognizable sounds.
• In order to hear properly, the pressure on both sides of the
ear drum should be equal.
• The Eustachian tube is the part of the ear that allows air to
pass from the noise to the middle ear so the air pressure is
equal on both sides.
• This tube runs from the throat to the middle ear.
• The semicircular canals in the inner ear control your
balance.
• Fluid and tiny hair cells inside the canals send
messages to your brain when you move or change
position.
• The brain interprets the message and tells your body
how to adjust to meet the new situation.
• Sometimes the canals send too many or too few
messages to the brain, resulting in balance problems.
• Two common balance problems are dizziness and
motion sickness.
• Beside loud noises, the most common cause
of hearing problems is ear wax build up and
middle ear infection.
• Anything that blocks the ear canal can create
hearing problems.
• Over time, loud noises can cause permanent
damage or hearing loss.
• A decibel is a measure of the loudness of
sound.
• The softest sound is heard at 0 decibels.
• Normal conversation is 60 decibels, and any
level above 85 decibels can harm your
hearing over time.
• One short exposure to 125 decibels can
cause serious damage.
•Protect ears from loud sounds and keep them
clean!
•Cover your ears in cold weather
•Keep foreign objects out of your ears ( cotton
swabs, sharp objects)
•Wear hearing protection when exposed to
loud noises
• Exit Slip- Columns- Inner Ear, Outer Ear,
Middle Ear. Name the parts of the ear and
place each part in the correct column.
•Healthcare consumer
•Healthcare provider
•Unit price
• When you buy cold and flu medicine, the
product doesn’t actually cure the cold or the
flu. Explain why you still buy these products
and how the products can help.
• A healthcare consumer is anyone who pays for
healthcare products or services. Healthcare products
are things that help you get or stay well.
Many factors influence our choices of products and
services:
• Advertising- tv, radio, magazine, billboards
• Tradition- buy it because your family has always used
it
• Peer Pressure- buy it because classmates or friends
use it
• Gather information before buying something. Talk to
family, doctors, nurses, pharmacists.
• Figuring out the unit price will help with
making good choices. The unit price is the
cost of the item divided by the amount of the
item.
• Professional who helps people stay healthy.
• Communicate clearly how you feel about
pains or problems you have and how often
• You will be examined
• Don’t be shy or embarrassed
• Write down questions to ask
Many state and local governments provide
services that protect your health:
•Collecting trash and garbage
•Making sure your drinking water is clean
•Inspecting restaurant kitchens
•Providing healthcare information
•Giving emergency medical care
• The National Institute of Health conducts research
to help develop treatments for diseases .
• The Food and Drug Administration is responsible
for approving both foods and drugs widespread
use.
• Other organizations help people pay for
healthcare.
• Exit Slip- Wise and Unwise. Name
characteristics of a healthcare consumer that
would fall under either of these categories.