Michael Auzenne
Instructor
GCM, CJC
LAW ENFORCEMENT TODAY
I.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE POLICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
II.
To enforce law
To provide services
To prevent crime
To preserve the peace
A.
Enforcing Laws
B.
Providing Services
C.
Preventing Crime
D.
Preserving the Peace
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN POLICE
i.
A.
Night Watch System: An early form of American law
enforcement in which volunteers patrolled their community
from dusk to dawn to keep the peace.
The Evolution of American Law Enforcement
1.
2.
Early Police Departments
The Political Era
i.
3.
Patronage System: A form of corruption in which the political
party in power hires and promotes police officers, receiving jobrelated “favors” in coupon.
The Reform Era
a.
Professionalism and Administrative Reforms
i.
Professional Model: A style of policing advocated by August
Vollmer and O.W. Wilson that emphasizes centralized police
organizations, increased use of technology, and a limitation of
police discretion through regulations and guidelines.
b.
4.
B.
Turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s
The Community Era
Policing Today: Intelligence, Terrorism, and Technology
1.
Intelligence-Led Policing
i.
Intelligence-Led Policing: An approach that measures the risk of
criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or
locations so as to predict when and where such criminal
behavior is most likely to occur in the future.
Intelligence-led policing is an effective tool for police agencies,
and inexpensive to implement.
2.
3.
III.
The Challenges of Anti-Terrorism
Law Enforcement 2.0
REQUIREMENTS AND TRAINING: BECOMING A POLICE OFFICER
i.
A.
Recruitment: The process by which law enforcement agencies
develop a pool of qualified applicants from which to select new
members.
Basic Requirements
Be a U.S. citizen
Not have been convicted of a felony
Have or be eligible to have a driver’s license in the state where the department is
located
Be at least twenty-one years of age
Meet weight and eyesight requirements
1.
2.
B.
Background Checks and Tests
Educational Requirements
Training
i.
1.
2.
Probationary Period: A period of time at the beginning of a
police officer’s career during which she or he may be fired
without cause.
Academy Training
In the Field
i.
Field Training: The segment of a police recruit’s training in
which he or she is removed from the classroom and placed on
the beat, under the supervision of a senior officer.
IV. WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN POLICING TODAY
A.
Anti-discrimination Law and Affirmative Action
i.
1.
Consent Decrees
i.
2.
B.
Discrimination: The illegal use of characteristics such as gender
or race by employers when making hiring or promotion
decisisons.
Affirmative Action: A hiring or promotion policy favoring those
groups such as women, African-Americans, or Hispanics who
have suffered from discrimination in the past or continue to
suffer from discrimination.
Recruiting Challenges
Working Women: Gender and Law Enforcement
1.
Added Scrutiny
Female police officers often face the problem of tokenism, or the belief they
have not earned their positions.
2.
Sexual Harassment
i.
C.
Sexual Harassment: A repeated pattern of unwanted sexual
advances and/or obscene remarks in the workplace.
Minority Report: Race and Ethnicity in Law Enforcement
1.
Double Marginality
i.
2.
V.
Double Marginality: The double suspicion that minority law
enforcement officers face from their white colleagues and from
the members of the minority community to which they belong.
The Benefits of a Diverse Police Force
LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
A.
Municipal Law Enforcement Agencies
B.
Sheriffs and County Law Enforcement
i.
1.
2.
Sheriff: The primary law enforcement officer in a county usually
elected by a popular vote.
Size and Responsibility of Sheriff’s Departments
The County Coroner
i.
C.
Coroner: The medical examiner of a county, usually elected by
popular vote.
State Police and Highway Patrols
1.
2.
D.
The Difference Between State Police and Highway Patrols
Limited-Purpose Law Enforcement Agencies
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
1.
The Department of Homeland Security
a.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
i.
b.
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
i.
c.
US Customs and Border Protection: The federal agency
responsible for protecting the U.S. borders and facilitating legal
trade and travel across those borders.
US Immigration and Customs Enforcement: The federal agency
that enforces the nation’s immigration and customs laws.
U.S. Secret Service
i.
US Secret Service: A federal law enforcement organization with
the primary responsibility of protecting the president, the
2.
president’s family, the vice president, and other important
political figures.
The Department of Justice
a.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
i.
b.
Federal Bureau of Investigation: The branch of the Department
of Justice responsible for investigating violations of federal law.
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
i.
Drug Enforcement Administration: The federal agency
responsible for enforcing the nation’s laws and regulations
regarding narcotics and other controlled substances.
c.
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
d.
The U.S. Marshals Service
Providing security at federal courts for judges, jurors, and other
courtroom participants
Controlling property that has been ordered and seized by federal courts
Protecting government witnesses who put themselves in danger by
testifying against the targets of federal criminal investigations
Transporting federal prisoners to detention institutions
Investigating violations of federal fugitive laws
3.
The Department of the Treasury
The largest bureau in the Department of the Treasury is the Internal Revenue
Service, which is concerned with violations of tax laws and regulations.
VI.
PRIVATE SECURITY
i.
A.
Private Security: The practice of private corporations or
individuals offering services traditionally performed by police
officers.
Privatizing Law Enforcement
1.
2.
B.
Citizen’s Arrests
The Deterrence Factor
Private Security Trends
1.
2.
Lack of Standards
Continued Growth in the Industry