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D13 - Explain how the structure of carbon
affects the types of bonds it forms in organic
and inorganic molecules
D16 - Explain how simple chemical
monomers can be combined to create linear,
branched and/or cross-linked polymers.
What are compounds?
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Compounds consist of more than one
element bonded together.
What are covalent bonds?
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The electrons are shared between the
elements.
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What does the term “organic” mean to you?
In chemistry, “organic” describes a type of
compound which contains carbon.
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds
containing carbon.
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Organic compounds
contain carbon.
These generally also
contain H, and often O,
N, S and P
Currently, there are
almost 24 million
known organic
compounds
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Any part of a living thing is an organic
molecule.
◦ Even material which seems dead (hair, dry skin or
fingernails) is made of organic molecules.
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All of the food that you eat is organic,
because we consume other organisms.
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Remember: Carbon has four (4) valence
electrons, and can make four (4) covalent
bonds.
Carbon atoms can form long “backbones” of
large molecules.
http://www.svsu.edu/partnership/curriculum/univ/chem112/ch24summary.htm
http://physics.fortlewis.edu/Astronomy/astronomy%20today/CHAISSON/AT304/IMAGES/AAAKKIG0.GIF
Carbon can form
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Single covalent bonds (C-C) with 2 shared e-
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Double covalent bonds (C = C) with 4 shared e-
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Triple covalent bonds (C = C) with 6 shared e-
http://media.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2007/may/carbon/carbon400.jpg
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These are organic compounds that consist of
only C and H atoms
There are three types of these
◦ Alkanes
◦ Alkenes
◦ Alkynes
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These are Hydrocarbons where all the Carbon
to Carbon (C to C) bonds are single bonds
Basic molecular formula is CnH2n+2
Name ends in -ane
Methane
CH4
Pentane C5H12
Nonane C9H20
Ethane
C2H6
Hexane C6H14
Decane
Propane
C3H8
Heptane C7H16
Butane
C4H10 Octane
C8H18
C10H22
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Hydrocarbons with one or more carboncarbon double bonds.
These have the general formula CnH2n.
Name ends in -ene
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Hydrocarbons that have at least one triple
bond between two carbon atoms.
These have the formula CnH2n-2
Name ends in –yne
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Have you ever heard of saturated fats?
If something is “saturated,” this means that
there is the maximum amount of hydrogen
atoms possible in the molecules.
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Saturated hydrocarbons are organic
molecules which have three characteristics
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1. All carbon to carbon bonds are single bonds.
2. They contain the maximum amount of hydrogen
3. All are Alkanes
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These have one or more double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms.
These will be:
◦ Alkenes
◦ Alkynes
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Straight Carbon Chains
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Branched Carbon Chains
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Rings of Carbon
◦ These will have “cyclo-”
in their name
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Straight Chain – all of the carbons are in a
single line
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Branched Chain – carbon atoms form
branches off of the main chain
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Chains of carbon (either straight or branched)
can be cross-linked with other chains to form
a net-like strong structure.
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An almost unlimited
number of carbon
compounds can be
formed by the addition
of a functional group to
a hydrocarbon.
A functional group is an
“add on” to the carbon
backbone
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Alcohols are hydrocarbons with an –OH
functional group called hydroxyl.
NOTE – this is NOT the same thing as the
hydroxide ion which is found in bases.
Naming alcohols involves adding an “-ol”
ending on the hydrocarbon’s name.
CH3OH is methane with the hydroxyl functional
group.
This is called methanol
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These are compounds that have the same
numbers and kinds of atoms but differ in the
way the atoms are arranged.
They will have the same chemical formula,
but will look different from each other.
How many Cs
and Hs are
contained in
each of these
compounds?
One is linear
and one is
branched.
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Read pp. 197-204 in the textbook.
Complete homework worksheet as you
complete your reading