MODERN AFRICA (1945-PRESENT)
THE END OF COLONIALISM IN AFRICA
• BY THE EARLY 1900s
NATIONALISM (PRIDE
& DEVOTION TO
ONE’S COUNTRY)
WAS EVIDENT IN
AFRICA.
• NATIONALISM GREW
OUT OF A DESIRE TO
END EUROPEAN
RULE.
AFRICA: POST WW II
• AS WW II ENDED,
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
GAINED STRENGTH IN
AFRICA.
• THE WAR WEAKENED
COLONIAL POWERS SUCH AS
ENGLAND & FRANCE.
• THE USSR CONDEMNED
IMPERIALISM & AIDED SOME
NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS.
• THE U.S. SPOKE OUT
AGAINST COLONIALISM.
NEW NATIONS EMERGE
• SLOWLY EUROPEAN
NATIONS REALIZED
THEY MUST GIVE UP
THEIR COLONIAL
EMPIRES.
• IN 1950 AFRICA HAD
ONLY 4 INDEPENDENT
NATIONS (LIBERIA,
ETHIOPIA, EGYPT &
SOUTH AFRICA).
• DURING THE 1950s & 60s,
AFRICAN DEMANDS FOR
FREEDOM LED TO THE
BIRTH OF MANY NEW
NATIONS.
COMMON PROBLEMS
• IN THE MODERN
ERA, MUCH OF
AFRICA HAS
STRUGGLED
WITH:
– POVERTY
– HEALTH ISSUES
– OTHER QUALITY
OF LIFE ISSUES
– WAR & GENOCIDE
• POVERTY IN
POVERTY
AFRICA IS
HIGHER THAN IN
OTHER
DEVELOPING
REGIONS.
• MANY AFRICANS
LACK THE
INCOME
NECESSARY TO
SATISFY BASIC
HUMAN NEEDS
(FOOD, SHELTER,
HEALTHCARE).
IN AFRICA
HEALTH ISSUES
• AFRICA HAS THE WORLD’S
HIGHEST INFANT
MORTALITY RATE…
• LACK OF BASIC
HEALTHCARE
• THE AIDS (ACQUIRED
IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
SYNDROME) EPIDEMIC HAS
BEEN RAVISHING AFRICA
SINCE THE DISEASE WAS
IDENTIFIED IN 1980:
– IN 2001 40 MILLION PEOPLE
WERE SICK WITH AIDS OR
INFECTED WITH HIV, THE
VIRUS THAT CAUSES AIDS.
AIDS IN AFRICA
•
•
70% OF THE WORLD’S
VICTIMS LIVE IN AFRICA.
REASONS FOR HIGH
AFRICAN AIDS RATES:
–
–
–
–
SOCIAL NORMS
POVERTY
LACK OF EDUCATION
POLITICAL INDIFFERENCE
•
HIV/AIDS IS A THREAT
TO PHYSICAL HEALTH
AND ALSO TO
ECONOMIC HEALTH,
EXACERBATING
AFRICA’S CHRONIC
POVERTY.
•
PBS/Frontline: The Age of Aids (13 min 29 sec)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video/flv/generic.html?s=frol02s466q90&continuous=1
OTHER QUALITY OF LIFE CONCERNS
• POLITICAL CORRUPTION
• WORLD’S LOWEST
LITERACY RATE
• LACK OF SAFE DRINKING
WATER
• LOWEST LIFE
EXPECTANCY RATES:
– U.S.: 77
– WORLD: 63
– AFRICA: 52
CIVIL WAR AND GENOCIDE
• CIVIL WAR OCCURRED
BECAUSE AFRICAN STATES
HAVE FREQUENTLY BEEN
HAMPTERED BY INSTABILITY,
CORRUPTION, VIOLENCE AND
AUTHORITARIANISM
• GENOCIDE IS THE DELIBERATE,
SYSTEMATIC KILLING OF A
GROUP OF PEOPLE BECAUSE
OF THEIR RACE, RELIGION OR
ETHNICITY.
YESTERDAY’s WARM UP:
What were some of the reasons
for emerging nations in Africa
in the 1950s and 1960s?
• Nationalism (pride in their countries)
• USSR & US were condemning colonialism
(to get countries on “their side”)
• European nations were war torn and had
to focus on themselves, not colonies
Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History
Pg
Assignment
Date
43 Africa Power Point Worksheet
11/5
44
Africa Sloppy Notes p1
11/5
45
Africa Sloppy Notes p2
11/5
46
Africa Sloppy Notes p3 & Qs
11/5
47
Africa Map
11/7
48
Africa Map Assignment
11/7
49
Bonus Opportunity
11/7
50
Israel Sloppy Notes
11/8
51
Israel Sloppy Notes
11/8
52 Israel Power Point Worksheet
11/8
Date: 11/8/12
Activity: Africa
Map/Catch Up Day
Warm Up:
-Homework:
*Africa map and
questions due
tomorrow
*notebook quiz
tomorrow
*Unit test next
Friday
*Bonus due Tues
11/13
Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History
Pg
Assignment
Date
35
Decolonization PPT Notes
10/18
36
India Sloppy Notes Packet
10/18
37
India Questions
10/18
38
Africa PPT Notes
10/23
39
Africa Reading
10/23
40
Africa G.O. & Questions
10/23
41 Formation of Israel ppt notes 10/28
42
Unit 2 Review Packet
10/28
Date: 10/28/13
Activity: Africa Qs,
Formation of
Israel
Warm Up: Why did so
many African nations
fall into civil war soon
after they gained their
independence?
Homework:
-Review Packet due
before test on Friday
-ALL LATE WORK for
unit 2 due by Friday
-Unit 2 Test Friday 11/1
Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History
Pg
Assignment
Date
38
Africa PPT Notes
10/23
39
Africa Reading
10/23
40
Africa G.O. & Questions
10/23
41
Formation of Israel ppt notes
10/28
42
Unit 2 Review Packet
10/28
43
Suez Crisis Reading
10/29
44
Suez Crisis Notes
10/29
Date: 10/30/13
Activity: Africa
Notes /Review
Warm Up:
Which country in
southwestern
Africa was a
battleground of the
Cold War?
Homework:
-Review Packet due
before test on Friday
-ALL LATE WORK for
unit 2 due by Friday
-Unit 2 Test Friday 11/1
Today’s Warm Up:
Why did so many African nations fall into
civil war soon after gained their
independence?
-There was a lot of instability and corruption,
violence an authoritarianism
Tactics used by
Nkrumah:
Strikes
Boycotts
Nkrumah’s
reforms:
Problems:
Costs of reforms hurt
New roads, schools economy and
Expanded health
strengthened his
facilities
opposition.
Programs for
industrialization,
When he was out of
Health and welfare country, the army
programs
and police seized
Expanded
control and was
educational facilities under civilian and
police power until
2000 when they had
first election
Tactics used
by Mau Mau:
Guerilla
warfare used
to push
White farmers
into leaving
Highlands.
Kenyatta’s
reforms:
Unite various
ethnic &
language
Groups.
Problems:
Corruption in
Moi’s
government
and ethnic
conflicts that
killed hundreds
and left
thousands
homeless.
How independence
was gained:
Mobutu’s rule:
Seized power in
1965 for 32 yrs
Belgium plundered
rubber and
-ruled through force,
Copper in the Congo, one-party rule and
treated
bribes to supporters.
Harshly and provided Overthrown in 1997
no services
-granted
independence in
1960
-Transition to
independence was
In upheaval
Problems:
Promises of
democracy by Kabila
(renamed Democratic
Republic of Congo)
never came and civil
war ensued.
Kabila assassinated,
son took over and has
worked towards
peace. (still pres)
Problems:
Unemployment and
dissatisfaction with the
FLN (Algerian
Socialist –overthrown government
National Liberation
in 1965
contributed to the rise
Front) (approx. 9 mil)
of religious
fought
fundamentalists
French (.5 mil troops)
wanted an Islamic
and won
state.
Independence in July
-Civil war continues
1962
on and off
-Gov resisted FIS
(Islamic Salvation
Front) election win
1990
How independence
was gained:
Ben Bella’s
program:
How independence
was gained:
Causes of civil war:
Other problems:
Portugal sent 50,000
troops to
Hold on to Angola in
withdrew in
1975 after huge costs
and
Opposition from
home.
Right after
independence
(commi) MPLA
Popular Movement
for the Liberation of
Angola) vs
Soviet Union and
Cuba backed them
UNITA(National
Union for the Total
Independence)
backed by US and
South Africa
Strained Cold War
relations even more
with USSR and US
Civil war from 19752002 when they finally
signed a LASTING
peace accord.
Africa Questions
1. List the four problems that have been
common to many African nations in the
modern (post WW II) era:
Poverty
Health Issues
Standard of Living Problems
Civil War and Genocide
2. What is the term for pride and devotion
to one’s country?
Nationalism
Africa Questions
3. What were the only four independent
African nations prior to 1950?
Liberia
Ethiopia
Egypt
South Africa
4. What was the Negritude Movement?
-a movement to celebrate African culture,
heritage and values
Africa Questions
5. What was the first African nation to gain
its independence?
-Ghana
6. Who was the leader of the movement to
liberate the Gold Coast and how did he go
about doing it?
-Kwame Nkrumah and he went about it in a
non-violent campaign of strikes and boycotts
Africa Questions:
7. What large Central African country was
once a colony of Belgium?
The Congo (Zaire)
8. What resources did Belgium ruthlessly
plunder from the Congo?
Rubber and copper
Africa Questions
9. How did the civil war in Angola contribute
to tensions in the Cold War?
The USSR backed the Communists (MPLA)
and the US backed the UNITA (like
Nationalists)
10. Why did so many African nations fall into
civil war soon after gained their
independence?
-There was a lot of instability and corruption,
violence an authoritarianism
Africa Map Questions
1. Which two European countries had the largest
colonial empires in Africa in 1914?
• Great Britain and France
2. What are the two African island nations?
• Madagascar and Comoros
Africa Map Questions
3. The Democratic Republic of the Congo used to be
controlled by what European nation?
•Belgium
4. Based on your map, how many African nations
are there?
•45+ would be acceptable. 54 to be exact.
•Why is this significant?
Africa Map Questions
5. How do you think African political stability and
unity is affected by the large number of African
nations?
•It is difficult to have stability and unity with
so many nations with different forms of
governments and goals.
Africa Map Questions
6. Explain what the cartoon map is trying to show
about the history of Africa:
•It’s trying to show how each European
nation was pulling at a different part of Africa
to have control over it.
7. Using your current knowledge, what highly
valuable natural resources found in Africa do you
think the European nations were interested in
gaining access to?
•Gold, rubber, copper, diamonds
Welcome to Contemporary U.S. and World History
Pg
Assignment
Date
43
Africa Power Point
Worksheet
11/5
44
Africa Sloppy Notes p1
11/5
45
Africa Sloppy Notes p2
11/5
46 Africa Sloppy Notes p3 & Qs
11/5
47
Africa Map
11/7
48
Africa Map Assignment
11/7
49
Bonus Opportunity
11/7
50
Israel Sloppy Notes
11/8
51
Israel Sloppy Notes
11/8
52
Israel Power Point
Worksheet
11/8
Date: 11/14/12
Activity: Africa Map
review Israel Ppt
Warm Up: Why was Israel
so concerned about
Egypt’s seizure of the
Suez Canal?
-Homework:
*Review sheets due
TOMORROW for full
credit
*Unit test Friday
covering India, China,
Africa and Israel
On the 3x5 card you picked up..
• Write your name
• Place your strengths in these categories in
order from best to worst
– Organization
– Writing
– Art/Creativity
– Research
Why was Israel so concerned about
Egypt’s seizure of the Suez
Canal?
• When they blocked the Suez Canal, they
blocked the ability for Israel to import and
export from the rest of the world.
• This is why Britain and France were upset
as well.
• This was also significant regarding the Cold
War because USSR backed Egypt and the
US stayed out of it.
SOMALIA: A CASE STUDY IN
OUTSIDE INTERVENTION
• CIVIL WAR ERUPTED IN 1988
BETWEEN RIVAL WARLORDS AND
ALSO AGAINST THE GOV’T WHICH
CEASED TO EXIST BY 1992.
• MASSIVE STARVATION FOLLOWED.
• THE RED CROSS & U.N. SENT FOOD
BUT MUCH WAS STOLEN BY THE
WARLORDS.
• IN DEC. 1992, PRES. GEORGE H. W.
BUSH INITIATED “OPERATION
RESTORE HOPE” SO THAT AID
COULD BE DELIVERED &
PROTECTED. PRES. CLINTON
CONTINUED THIS OPERATION.
• SOMALIS WELCOMED U.S. TROOPS
BELIEVING THEY WOULD REMAIN
NEUTRAL.
• WITH STABILITY RESTORED, THE U.N.
TOOK OVER THE MISSION.
“NATION BUILDING” IN SOMALIA
• AS THE U.N. MADE EFFORTS TO
REBUILD SOMALIA, LOCALS NO
LONGER SAW U.S. TROOPS AS
NEUTRAL.
• IN OCT. 1993 U.S. FORCES WERE
SENT TO APPREHEND A
LEADING WARLORD WHO HAD
KILLED 24 PEACEKEEPERS.
• OUTCOMES:
–
–
–
–
18 U.S. SOLDIERS WERE KILLED
WARLORD ELUDED CAPTIVITY
U.S. FORCES WERE WITHDRAWN
THE U.S. LOST ITS APPETITE FOR
HUMANITARIAN-BASED
INTERVENTION
RWANDA: A CASE STUDY IN GENOCIDE
• 1994-1996 RWANDA WAS THE
SCENE OF ONE OF AFRICA’S
MOST VICIOUS CIVIL WARS.
• AT LEAST 500,000 PEOPLE
WERE KILLED DUE TO FIGHTING
BETWEEN 2 RIVAL ETHNIC
GROUPS: TUTSIS & HUTUS.
• THE KILLING WAS SO GREAT IN
SCALE THAT IT WAS LABELED
GENOCIDE.
• GENOCIDE IS THE DELIBERATE,
SYSTEMATIC KILLING OF A
GROUP OF PEOPLE BECAUSE
OF THEIR RACE, RELIGION OR
ETHNICITY.
RWANDA: A CASE STUDY IN INACTION
• AFTER ITS EXPERIENCE IN
SOMALIA, THE U.S. CHOSE
TO LET THE U.N. DEAL WITH
RWANDA.
• EVENTUALLY THE U.N.
VOTED TO WITHDRAW
MOST OF ITS FORCES,
PAVING THE WAY FOR
ADDITIONAL BLOODSHED.
• HAD THE CIVILIZED WORLD
ABANDONED ITS PLEDGE
MADE AT THE END OF WW II
TO NEVER AGAIN STAND BY
WHILE GENOCIDE
OCCURRED?