The Age of Religious Wars
and European Expansion
The End of The Hapsburg-Valois
Wars
Treaty of Cateau –Cambresis 1559
Spain wins
Dominates Italy
Ends dynastic and continues religious wars
Larger modern armies with gunpowder
Difficulties in France 1515-1559
Francis I – Places all France under royal law
French National Language
The Habsburg-Valois Wars were expensive
The Nobility of the Robe – Raised money and
made these families tax exempt
The Concordat of Bologna – Supremacy of
the Papacy but could appoint bishops and
abbots = $$$$
Protestants are growing in number
Religious Riots and Civil War in
France
Catherine D’ Medici
Charles IX – Mama’s boy – 1560-74
Henry III – Wild parties with his boy friends and
then drama-queen –1574-1589
Catherine wanted peace as long as her sons were
ruling
Clashes between Catholics and
Calvinists - Huguenots
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572
Henry of Navarre and Margaret Valois
Colingy a Huguenot had gained control of
Charles IX
Henry Guise the night before the wedding
attacked the and slaughtered the
Huguenot gentry in Paris
Wide-spread violence erupted
The War of the Three Henry’s
Henry III a Catholic joined with Henry
Navarre the Protestant
Guise and and Catholic nobles founded
the Holy League
The Politiques
After fifteen years of devastation many want
to reconcile.
Catherine D’Medici dies, Henry of Guise and
Henry III are assassinated
“The Greatest Frenchman ever to live”
Henry Navarre (IV) Drinker, lover and fighter
“Paris is worth a Mass” – real politique
The Edict of Nantes - 1598
The Netherlands Under Charles V
The Low Countries
The Hub of international commerce –
Antwerp
The Bourse - exchange
Protestant reform and the Low
Countries
A mixed Federation
Charles V – responds with
condemnation
Charles abdicates in 1556
Philip of Spain takes control of the Low
Countries
Revolt of the Netherlands
Militant Calvinism
Philip II appoints sister to quell the
disorder – Margaret
Her big problem was raising taxes
Calvinists revolt in 1566
1568-1578 civil war in Holland
The King sends 20,000 troops to the
Low Countries
Duke of Parma are appointed to crush
revolt
William of Orange leads the home
team
The Spanish Netherlands and the
Union of Utrecht
Ten Southern provinces – Spanish
Habsburgs – Landed nobility
Seven Northern – Protestant Union of
Utrecht –Commercial aristocracy
The Union asked Elizabeth I for aid
The English Dilemma
Help the Union and anger Philip II
Not Help and await the invasion from
the Spanish
The death of William
The collapse of the wool trade
The fall of Antwerp
Philip and the Armada -1588
The Escorial –Symbol of Philips values
Philip the Man
As a young man was a party animal
After the death of his fourth wife he
becomes somber and pious
In terms of religious tolerance he was
inflexible
The Armada Sails 9 May 1588
The death of Mary Queen of Scots
130 vessels sail to England
Drakes plan and poor sailing – 65
Spanish ships return home
The Thirty Years War 1618-48
Starts as a religious war and ends as way to
keep Habsburgs in check and Germany
divided
Four phases
Bohemian
Danish
Swedish
French
Discovery, Reconnaissance and
Exploration 1450 -1650
The geography was not understood
Migration and colonization
Economic exploitation and religious
dominance
Gold, God, and Glory
Muslim Expansion
Muslims expand toward western Europe
Medieval trade routes interrupted
Spain and Portugal
Spain – Central government provides
support
Portugal – Geographic advantage
Other centralized states followed
France
England
On to the East
India… Spices
Ethiopia – Prester John
Prince Henry the Navigator
The laboratory – Earth
Cartography
Down the coast of Africa
Diaz –1487
Da Gama – 1497 reaches India
The Europeans take over
Ships with powerful guns
Buddha came to China on white
elephants, Christ was borne on cannon
balls
Begin to control the Indian ocean and
Asian trade.
Columbus sails 1492, financed by
Spain.
Technology and attitudes
stimulates exploration
Compass
Astrolabe
Caravel
Cannons
The psychology of the Renaissance
Gold, God and Glory
Columbus
Devout Catholic
Messenger of God
Excellent sailor
Estimated the distance from Portugal to
Japan was about 2800 miles ( 12000)
Little interest in government
Later Explorers
1493 – News of Columbus’s voyage
travels throughout Europe
Natives are Christianized, killed and
destroyed by disease
1519 Magellan
The Conquistadors
Cortez – Aztecs - Mexico
Pizarro – Incas - Peru
Economic Effects of Spain’s
discovery in the New World
16th century – The Golden Age of Spain
Spanish economy could not the meet demand
of rising population
Price increases hampered the international
demand for Spanish goods
The Price Revolution – State debt not paid
Spanish inflation spread through Europe
Nobles and poor were hurt middle class did
OK
Colonial Administration
Spain
Viceroyalties
Audiencia
Intendants – later
PotrugaL –
Corregidores
Mercantilist – Strict control of Brazilian production
Slave labor
Status of Women
Arranged unions were discouraged
Double standards were discouraged regarding
infidelity
Emotional and physical attraction were not
sound reasons for enduring relationships
Standards of beauty
1566 pope expels prostitutes, but has to
rescind the expulsion due to lost revenue
Women continued
single women in the 16th and 17th
centuries worked in many occupations
Married women assisted their husbands
Upper- class… ex nuns were
encouraged to marry
From one master to another?
Marriage the only occupation for upper
class protestant women.
Malleus Maleficarum
Why the witch craze
Perhaps the Reformation
Explain what is not understood
A way of eliminating non-conformists or
rivals
Christian repression of sexuality
Perhaps as many 60,000
Declines in the late 18th century
Witches Everywhere?
Smart and stupid alike- believed in
witches
Individuals that could mysteriously
harm others
Could cause blindness and impotence
Majority were 50-70 crippled and
pockmarked females
And… they talked back to men