Chapter 10 Section 1
 Aristotle
called the shots
 The Renaissance
◦ Scholars learned Latin and Greek
◦ Few began to question the old ways
 New
problems required observation
and measurement
 New instruments Telescope and
microscope
 New
advancements in Math
◦ Algebra
◦ Geometry
 Geocentric
Theory
◦ Earth was unmoving object at center
of universe
◦ Moon, sun, and planets move around
earth
◦ Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed
stars
◦ Heaven far beyond sphere
 Aristotle
in 4th century B.C.
 Ptolemy in 2nd century AD
 Christianity
supported theory
◦ God created Man
◦ Man is most important creation
◦ Man is at the center
◦ To disagree is Blasphemy
 Blasphemy is bad
 Nicolaus
Copernicus
◦ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Bodies
◦ Stars, earth, and planets revolve around
the Sun
◦ Contradicted religious views
 Feared ridicule and persecution
◦ Didn’t publish findings until year before
he died - 1543
 Johannes
Kepler
◦ Laws of Planetary Motion
◦ Kepler’s First Law
 Planetary orbits are elliptical
 Sun at end of ellipse, not center
 Used
 The
telescope to observe planets
Starry Messenger
 Destroyed
idea of heavenly objects
as orbs of light
 Catholic
Church ordered Galileo to
abandon his ideas
◦ Threatened concept of the universe
 Humans no longer center of universe
 God no longer in specific place
Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant
leaders
◦ Publicly silent but continues working
 1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two

Chief World Systems
◦ Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’
theory
◦ Pope summoned him to Rome to stand
trial


1633 – reads confession
◦ Threatened w/torture
◦ Agreed ideas of Copernicus were
false
◦ Lived under house arrest
Dies
-
1642
Wrote Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy – the Principia
 Laws of Motion
 Universal Law of Gravitation
 World-Machine concept

◦ Law of Universal Gravitation
 Every object in universe attracts every
other object
 Degree of attraction depends on mass
and distance between them
 What’s it mean?
 Galen
100s
– Greek physician in A.D.
◦ Teachings dominated Middle Ages
◦ Based on animal dissection
 16th
Century scientists change
ideas
 Andreas
Vesalius
◦ Dissected human corpses
◦ On the Fabric of the Human Body
◦ Filled w/detailed drawings of organs,
bones, and muscle
 William
Harvey
◦ On the Motion of the Heart and
Blood in America
◦ Heart acts as pump to circulate
blood throughout the body
 Robert
Boyle
◦ First scientist to conduct controlled
experiments in chemistry
◦ Relationship between volume and
pressure of gases
 Antoine
Levoisier
◦ System for naming chemical
elements
◦ Founder of Modern Chemistry
 Scholarship
was considered the
domain of men
◦ Women belong at home with the
children
 Margaret
Cavendish
◦ Criticized belief that humans,
through science, were the masters of
nature
 Women
could be astronomers in
Germany
◦ Worked with fathers and husbands
 Maria
Winkelmann
◦ Assisted her husband
◦ Discovered her own comet
◦ Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy
 They felt members would be appalled
 Rene
Descartes
◦ Inspired by Scientific Revolution
 Doubt and uncertainty everywhere
◦ Doubt inspired learning
◦ Cannot doubt existence
 “I think, therefore I am”
◦ Mind cannot be doubted
 Body and material world
can be
 Mind
cannot be doubted
◦ Body and material world can be
 Mind
and matter are completely
separate
◦ Matter should be viewed as detached
from the mind
◦ Investigated by reason
 What
does this all mean?
◦ Reason is chief source of knowledge
 Scientists
should not rely on ancient
authority
 Scientific Method
◦ Step-by-step, repeatable process for
collecting and analyzing data
 Developed
by Francis Bacon
◦ Believed in use of inductive reasoning
 Specific to the general
 Free of opinion
 Start with facts and proceed to general
principles
 Goal was to advance human life with
new discoveries
 Science could benefit industry,
agriculture and trade