Table of Contents
General Information .................................................................................................................................. 2
Strength aviation in Latin America ........................................................................................................... 9
Strength Tourism in Latin America ........................................................................................................ 11
Strength Economy in Latin America ....................................................................................................... 12
Aviation policy in latin America .............................................................................................................. 13
Tourism policy in America....................................................................................................................... 14
Economy policy in Latin America ............................................................................................................ 15
Aviation in Future.................................................................................................................................... 16
Tourism in Future .................................................................................................................................... 17
Economy in Future .................................................................................................................................. 18
General Information
Latin America is the sub region of the Americas comprising those countries where Romance
languages are spoken, primarily Spanish and Portuguese. It consists of twenty sovereign states
which cover an area that stretches from the southern border of the United States to the southern
tip of South America, including the Caribbean. Latin America has an area of approximately
19,197,000 km2 (7,412,000 sq mi),almost 13% of the earth's land surface area.As of 2013, its
population was estimated at more than 604 million[not in citation given] and in 2014, Latin
America has a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD (almost equal to those of the
UK and France combined), and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term "Latin
America" was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a magazine "dedicated to the
cause of Pan-Latinism".
Language
Linguistic map of Latin America. Spanish in green, Portuguese in orange, and French in
blue.Spanish and Portuguese are the predominant languages of Latin America. Spanish is spoken
as first language by about 60% of the population, Portuguese is spoken by about 34% of the
population and about 6% of the population speak other languages such as Quechua, Mayan
languages, Guaraní, Aymara, Nahuatl, English, French, Dutch and Italian. Portuguese is spoken
only in Brazil (Brazilian Portuguese), the biggest and most populous country in the region.
Spanish is the official language of most of the rest of the countries on the Latin American
mainland (Spanish language in the Americas), as well as in Cuba, Puerto Rico (where it is coofficial with English), and the Dominican Republic. French is spoken in Haiti and in the French
overseas departments of Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guiana, and the French overseas
collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon; it is also spoken by some Panamanians of AfroAntillean descent. Dutch is the official language in Suriname, Aruba, and the Netherlands
Antilles. (As Dutch is a Germanic language, these territories are not necessarily considered part
of Latin America.)Native American languages are widely spoken in Peru, Guatemala, Bolivia,
Paraguay and Mexico, and to a lesser degree, in Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela,
Argentina, and Chile amongst other countries. In Latin American countries not named above, the
population of speakers of indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent (e.g.
Uruguay). Mexico is possibly the only country that contains a wider variety of indigenous
languages than any Latin American country, but the most spoken language is Nahuatl. In Peru,
Quechua is an official language, alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the
areas where they predominate. In Ecuador, while holding no official status, the closely related
Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country's constitution;
however, it is only spoken by a few groups in the country's highlands. In Bolivia, Aymara,
Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish. Guaraní, along with Spanish, is an
official language of Paraguay, and is spoken by a majority of the population (who are, for the
most part, bilingual), and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes. In
Nicaragua, Spanish is the official language, but on the country's Caribbean coast English and
indigenous languages such as Miskito, Sumo, and Rama also hold official status. Colombia
recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official, though fewer than 1%
of its population are native speakers of these languages. Nahuatl is one of the 62 native
languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico
Religion
Main article: Religion in Latin America Basilica of Our Lady of the Angels located in Cartago,
Costa Rica. The vast majority of Latin Americans are Christians, mostly Roman Catholics
belonging to the Latin Rite. about 70% of the Latin American population consider themselves
Catholic.
Migration
Due to economic, social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent
decades, the focus is now the change from net immigration to net emigration. About 10 million
Mexicans live in the United States. 28.3 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of
2006. According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE, about 3,331,107 Colombians
currently live abroad. The number of Brazilians living overseas is estimated at about 2 million
people. An estimated 1.5 to two million Salvadorans reside in the United States. At least 1.5
million Ecuadorians have gone abroad, mainly to the United States and Spain. Approximately
1.5 million Dominicans live abroad, mostly in the United States. More than 1.3 million Cubans
live abroad, most of them in the United States. It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live
abroad, mainly in Argentina, the United States, Canada, Australia and Sweden. An estimated
700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United
States.Central Americans living abroad in 2005 were 3,314,300, of which 1,128,701 were
Salvadorans, 685,713 were Guatemalans, 683,520 were Nicaraguans, 414,955 were Hondurans,
215,240 were Panamanians, 127,061 were Costa Ricans and 59,110 were Belizeans. For the
period 2000–2005, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela were the only countries with
global positive migration rates, in terms of their yearly averages.
Education in Latin America
World map indicating literacy by country (2011 Human Development Report) Grey = no data
Despite significant progress, education access and school completion remains unequal in Latin
America. The region has made great progress in educational coverage; almost all children attend
primary school and access to secondary education has increased considerably. Quality issues
such as poor teaching methods, lack of appropriate equipment and overcrowding exist
throughout the region. These issues lead to adolescents dropping out of the educational system
early. Most educational systems in the region have implemented various types of administrative
and institutional reforms that have enabled reach for places and communities that had no access
to education services in the early 1990s. Compared to prior generations, Latin American youth
have seen an increase in their levels of education. On average, they have completed two years
schooling more than their parents. However, there are still 23 million children in the region
between the ages of 4 and 17 outside of the formal education system. Estimates indicate that
30% of preschool age children (ages 4–5) do not attend school, and for the most vulnerable
populations, the poor and rural, this calculation exceeds 40 percent. Among primary school age
children (ages 6 to 12), coverage is almost universal; however there is still a need to incorporate
5 million children in the primary education system. These children live mostly in remote areas,
are indigenous or Afro-descendants and live in extreme poverty.Among people between the ages
of 13 and 17 years, only 80% are full-time students in the education system; among them only
66% advance to secondary school. These percentages are lower among vulnerable population
groups: only 75% of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school.
Tertiary education has the lowest coverage, with only 70% of people between the ages of 18 and
25 years outside of the education system. Currently, more than half of low income children or
living in rural areas fail to complete nine years of education.
Population and economy size for Latin American countries
Population[96]
(2010)
Millions
GDP (nominal)[97]
(2012)
Millions
of US$
GDP (PPP)[98]
(2012)
Millions
of US$
Argentina
40.4
472,815
726,226
Bolivia
9.9
27,012
54,134
Brazil
201
2,395,968
2,393,954
Chile
17.1
272,119
316,516
Colombia
45
378,713
500,576
Costa Rica
4.7
44,313
57,955
Cuba
11.3
N/A
N/A
Dominican Republic 9.9
59,429
98,835
Ecuador
14.5
88,186
134,805
El Salvador
6.2
24,421
46,050
Guatemala
15.5
50,303
79,970
Country
Population and economy size for Latin American countries
Population[96]
(2010)
Millions
GDP (nominal)[97]
(2012)
Millions
of US$
GDP (PPP)[98]
(2012)
Millions
of US$
Haiti
10.0
8,335
13,501
Honduras
7.6
18,320
37,408
Mexico
113.4
1,207,820
1,743,474
Nicaragua
5.8
7,695
19,827
Panama
3.5
34,517
55,124
Paraguay
6.5
22,363
35,262
Peru
29.1
184,962
322,675
Puerto Rico
3.7
101,500
64,840 (2010 estimate)
Uruguay
3.4
52,349
53,365
Country
Population and economy size for Latin American countries
Country
Venezuela
Total
Population[96]
(2010)
Millions
GDP (nominal)[97]
(2012)
Millions
of US$
GDP (PPP)[98]
(2012)
Millions
of US$
29.0
337,433
396,848
577.8
5,725,145
7,114,54
Strength aviation in Latin America

airbus builds roughly half of the world’s jet airliners, including the largest passenger
plane, the A380. It may come as a surprise, then, to hear that the biggest order for Francebased Airbus aircraft ever made in Latin America comes not from stalwarts such as
Brazil’s LATAM Group or Colombia’s Avianca, but by a carrier that specializes in short
runs between Mexico City, Monterrey and small domestic destinations: VivaAerobus. In
late October, VivaAerobus placed an order for 52 A320s, Airbus’s signature mediumrange plane, which is able to carry up to 220 passengers. It was a huge purchase for a
company with only one international destination. But a look into VivaAerobus’s
background provides some context: The company is a venture by one of Europe’s most
prominent low-cost carriers, Ryanair, and the large Mexican transportation company
IAMSA. “This decision will support our growth strategy,” The cost per seat on
VivaAerobus planes is key to its growth strategy because the company is trying to win
business by capitalizing on the relative dearth of low-cost airline carriers in Mexico and
Latin America in general. In fact, there are so few discount airlines in Mexico that
VivaAerobus is not so much competing with other airlines as it is with a division of one
of its parent companies, IAMSA. That company is the largest bus operator in Mexico.
Bus travel has long come to symbolize domestic and regional Latin American
transportation: Picture an aging bus puttering up the hills of Colombia or through
Mexico’s desert, complete with luggage and goods tied to the roof. But the length of
travel and relative high cost of those bus trips has created an opportunity for discount
airlines, observerssay.Political and macroeconomic stability, solid growth, poverty
reduction, and a fairer income distribution buoyed regional growth in the 2000s.
According to the World Bank, the region's middle-class population now outnumbers the
poor population for the first time, a sign that Latin America is becoming a middle-class
region. A robust aviation sector is crucial to sustaining this growth. Brazil, the world's
seventh-largest economy, has the fourth-largest domestic aviation industry. By 2017,
Brazil's total domestic passenger load will grow to 122 million (from 90 million in 2012),
which will make Brazil the world's third-largest market.On the heels of significant
consolidation, including the mergers of LAN with TAM, Avianca with TACA Airlines,
GOL with Webjet, and Azul with TRIP, the region's airline industry is focusing on
growth and profitability. By 2033, the region's airlines will need 2,950 new airplanes
with a value of $340 billion. Although some of these airplanes will replace retiring jets,
more than 70 percent will be for fleet growth, pushing the region's fleet to 3,530
airplanes, compared with 1,380 today. As airlines added new airplanes over the past
decade, the average age of the region's fleet has plummeted from 14.8 years to 9.7 years.


The economic outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean is fairly upbeat. The World
Bank predicts that growth in the region will strengthen steadily from 2.9 percent in 2014,
to 3.2 percent in 2015 and to 3.7 percent in 2016. The region's expected growth is up
significantly from last year's modest 2.5 percent growth. The top growth performers for
2014 are expected to be Panama (7.3 percent) and Peru (5.5 percent), while the region's
economic powerhouses, Brazil and Mexico, are projected to grow 2.4 and 3.4 percent,
respectively. Other countries in the region are also expecting robust growth rates, likely
between 3 percent and 5 percent in 2014.The Great Depression caused Latin America to
grow at a slow rate, separating it from leading industrial democracies. The two world
wars and U.S. Depression also made Latin American countries favor internal economic
development, leading Latin America to adopt the policy of import substitution
industrialization.
Countries also renewed emphasis on exports. Brazil began selling automobiles to other
countries, and some Latin American countries set up plants to assemble imported parts,
letting other countries take advantage of Latin America's low labor costs. Colombia
began to export flowers, emeralds and coffee grains and gold, becoming the world's
second leading flower exporter. Economic integration was called for, to attain economies
that could compete with the economies of the U.S or Europe. Starting in the 1960s with
the Latin American Free Trade Association and Central American Common Market,
Latin American countries worked toward economic integration
Strength Tourism in Latin America
Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country.
The country had 5.7 million visitors in 2012, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals
as the first main destination in South America, and second in Latin America after Mexico.
Revenues from international tourists reached US$6.6 billion in 2012, continuing a recovery trend
from the 2008-2009 economic crisis.
Brazil offers for both domestic and international tourists an ample gamut of options, with natural
areas being its most popular tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and
recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as historic and cultural tourism.
Among the most popular destinations are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the
Northeast Region, the Pantanal in the Center-West Region, beaches at Rio de Janeiro and Santa
Catarina, cultural and historic tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to São Paulo city.
In terms of the 2013 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which is a
measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism
industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 51st place at the world's level, fourth among
Latin American countries after Panama, Mexico and Costa Rica, and seventh in the
Americas.Brazil main competitive advantages are its natural resources, which ranked 1st on this
criteria out of all countries considered, and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many
World Heritage sites. The 2013 TTCI report also notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground
transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 129th), with the quality of roads ranking
in the 121st place, and quality of air transport infrastructure in 131st; and the country continues
to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 126th), due in part to high and increasing
ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high and rising prices more generally. Safety and
security have improved significantly, ranking in the 73rd place in 2013, up from the 128th
position in 2008
Strength Economy in Latin America
The agricultural is main goal economic is in Latin America and the Caribbean while promoting
efficient and sustainable management of natural resources. Through sustained growth in the
sector, the Bank is helping to enhance food security, increased incomes for the rural population
and reduce poverty.To maintain or increase agricultural growth and to face the challenges of
feeding an increasing population and adapting to the impacts of climate change, the IDB helps
farmers increase their productivity with greater access to markets, better agricultural services
and increased investments.Latin America Oil and GasTotal production of crude oil was 9.5
million barrels per day in 2014 and will increase in the coming years. Four countries
(Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina) are accountable for 84% of total regional
production. New investments aim to increase refining capacity to 9.560 thousand barrels per
day by 2030. Oil and gas industry growth will also bring environmental concerns. For example,
Brazilian pre-salt production will turn the country into one of the largest CO2 offshore
emissions, as well as risks of leaks and spills.Distillates consumption will increase until 2018 at
the CAGR of 2.5% diesel, 2.0% gasoline and fuel oil and 3% jet fuel. Mexico and Brazil will
import large volumes during this period and Venezuela is expected to be the main exporter.
Latin America does not have a common regional fuel quality standard, each country has its
own fuel policy and regulation, which makes product trade flow inside the region even more
complex.Natural gas has increased its energy matrix participation in the region. In Brazil,
demand will grow from 2.4 to 3.3 billion cubic feet per day by 2020. Natural gas as a new
source of supply (from pre-salt reserves) will also ramp up petrochemical investments, new
fertilizer plants and improve the current natural gas passenger fleet of 1.7 million cars . In
Argentina, production is around 4.1 billion cubic feet per day. New shale gas reserves may
dramatically change the oil and gas supply costs depending on future government regulations.
By 2030, natural gas is expected to represent nearly 30% of the region’s total energy matrix
.Latin America Petrochemical Major petrochemical consumer markets are Brazil, Argentina,
Mexico and Colombia. For the next 5 years, there is expected demand growth for most olefins
with investments in green fields and plant expansions. In Brazil, Rio de Janeiro petrochemical
complex (Comperj) will demand investments of circa US$ 8.5 billion, a new PET plant in
Northeast country of US$ 0.9 billion and US$ 8.1 billion investments in fertilizer sector:
ammonia, urea and phosphates. Further investments planned, include expansions in Argentina
(new LAB plant), in Peru (ethylene and polyethylene plant and in Mexico (ethyl benzene
plant); reinforces the regional focus on investment to support domestic growth demand.Latin
America Biofuels The region has great potential to export bio fuels in large volumes.
Aviationpolicy inLatin America
Latin America is a good news story. Aviation supports more than 4.6 million jobs and $107
billion in GDP across the region. Latin American carriers are expected to post a collective
profit of some $400 million this year. That’s $100 million better than in 2011. The expected
EBIT margin of 2.7% would be the second strongest in the industry behind North America at
3.0%. And the demand for connectivity across the region is growing. Passenger traffic was up
10.1% over the first nine months of the year—the second highest growth rate after Middle East
carriers at 16.6%. The region is showing great promise. But it also faces challenges Security:
The Checkpoint of the Future is moving from concept development to testing. The vision is for
a hassle free security experience made possible by uniting advanced technology with the
effective use of passenger information to move us away from today’s one-size-fits all approach.
Component tests will continue in 2013 with first generation Checkpoints of the Future
scheduled for trial deployment in 2014. “I hope that we will have some airports from the region
participating,”Environment: reiterated the industry’s support for the EU decision to “stop the
clock” on its plans to include international aviation in its emissions trading scheme. “This
should create the space for governments to agree at ICAO on a global approach to marketbased-measures (MBM) to manage aviation’s emission,”. At the same time, noted that this
development puts more pressure on airlines to build a compromise consensus on how MBMs
can be implemented fairly. “No solution will satisfy every airline 100%. We will need to find
the fairest possible compromise, remaining consistent at global and regional levels. If we fail or
lose unity, that opens the door for individual governments to pick us apart and impose solutions
that will, quite probably, be more expensive and less workable for our complex global
industry,” Distribution: With the adoption of the foundation standard for a New Distribution
Capability (NDC) last month, the next year will focus on detailed standards definition and the
development of pilot projects. NDC is a unique opportunity to unleash innovation in airline
retailing. “NDC will offer product differentiation, personalization and sales of ancillary
products and services, advantages that are already standard on airline and other websites but
which have proven very difficult to implement through the Global Distribution Systems-agency
channel,”
Tourism policy in America
Tourism Plan as great opportunities to increase visibility and consolidate as one of the top
tourist destinations in the world. The Ministry of Tourism, fulfilling its role in the
responsibility matrix for the 2014 World Cup, is investing more than R$ 212.5 million (201213) in the host cities in tourist signs, accessibility to tourist attractions, and tourist information
centers.
The ministry has established partnerships with the private sector to increase the supply of
accommodation in the country. This effort resulted in the creation of the ProCopa Tourism
program, which last year increased the amount of credit available in BNDES for the
construction and renovation of hotels from R$ 1 billion to R$ 2 billion. The Pronatec Cup
program aims to train and educate 240,000 people to work in professions related to receiving
tourists.
Economypolicy in Latin America
• Making investments in high-productivity industrial clusters, even when there was no prior
comparative advantage. The early experience of Malaysia, Mexico, and Indonesia showed that import
substitution or reliance on labor intensive manufacturing led to inefficient firms with limited scope for
income and productivity gains. Changing their approach and despite starting from a low-technology
base, these countries increased their export sophistication by focusing on specific manufacturing
clusters that led to an upgrading of technology (see chart). Chile used export subsidies and publicprivate partnerships to establish new firms and upgrade technical skills in specific sectors.
• Developing horizontal and vertical linkages from industrial clusters. Creating networks of local
suppliers around existing export industries can expand the employment potential of a given sector,
although care should be taken that the local source sectors are efficient and do not lead to a loss in
competitiveness. Malaysia entered downstream and upstream activities based on rubber and palm oil
to build linkages with the rest of the economy and upgrade research capabilities and technology.
Mexico developed linkages around the automobile sector.
• Using foreign capital to promote technological transfer. In the 1980s, Indonesia attracted foreign
capital through the creation of free trade zones, provision of tax incentives, and the easing of tariff
restrictions and non-tariff barriers. Similar policies were implemented in Malaysia and Mexico. In
Mexico, accession to the North American Free Trade Agreement played an important role in
attracting foreign direct investment that facilitated the development of the automobile sector.
• Using export subsidies, tax incentives, and access to finance to facilitate risk-taking by
entrepreneurs, especially small and medium-sized enterprises. Entering new sectors is risky for
private sector firms. To some extent, export subsidies and tax incentives can help reduce the risk for
entrepreneurs in infant industries. In addition, financing and support provided by development
banks, venture capital funds, and export promotion agencies can also reduce risk.
Aviation in Future

The Current Market Outlook is our long-term forecast of air traffic volumes and airplane
demand. The forecast helps shape our product strategy and guide long-term business
planning. We have shared the forecast with the public for more than 50 years to inform
decisions by airlines, suppliers, and the financial community.

We start fresh every year, factoring the effects of current business conditions and
developments into our analysis of the long-term drivers of air travel. The forecast
details demand for passenger and freighter airplanes, both for fleet growth and for
replacement of airplanes that retire during the forecast period. We also project the
demand for passenger-to-freighter conversions.

The aviation industry continually adapts to market forces. Key among these are fuel
prices, economic growth and development, environmental regulations, infrastructure,
market liberalization, airplane capabilities, other modes of transport, business models,
and emerging markets. Fuel is now the largest component of airline cost structure. This
fact has spurred manufacturers to produce more efficient airplanes, such as the 787 and
the 737 MAX, and encouraged airlines to optimize other cost and revenue centers to
maintain profitability in the face of high fuel prices.Our long-term forecast
incorporates the effects of market forces on the development of the aviation industry.
Economic growth, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), is a primary
contributor to aviation industry growth. GDP is forecast to rise 3.2 percent over the
next 20 years, which will drive passenger traffic to grow 5.0 percent annually and
cargo traffic (which also depends on global trade) to grow 4.7 percent annually.

We forecast long-term demand for 36,770 new airplanes, valued at $5.2 trillion. We
project that 15,500 of these airplanes (42 percent of all new deliveries) will replace
older, less efficient airplanes. The remaining 21,270 airplanes will be for fleet growth,
which stimulates expansion in emerging markets and development of innovative airline
business models. Single-aisle airplanes continue to command the largest share of the
market. Approximately 25,680 new single-aisle airplanes will be needed over the next
20 years. Fast-growing low-cost carriers and network carriers pressed to replace aging
airplanes drive single-aisle demand. The wide body fleet will need 8,600 new
airplanes. The new generation of efficient wide body airplanes is helping airlines open
new markets that would not have been economically viable in the past.
Tourism in Future
The arrival of foreign tourists in the country is expected to increase from 6.2 million (estimated
for this year) to 7.9 million by 2016 (an increase of 8% per year). Similarly, visitor spending
should increase from US$ 7.7 billion to US$ 10.34 billion (an increase of 11.69% per year) and
formal employment in the sector should increase from 3.1 million to 3.59 million (an increase
of 6.64% per year). It is estimated that the 215.6 million domestic flights expected in 2013 will
increase to more than 250 million in 2016 (an increase of 6.14% per year).
Economy in Future
Latin America expected to grow by 2½ percent in 2014 and 3 percent in 2015Risks to growth
include lower commodity prices, rising external funding costsRegion should strengthen public
finances, step up structural reformsEconomic activity in Latin America and the Caribbean is
expected to stay in low gear in 2014, according to the IMF’s latest forecast for the region.The
recovery in the United States and other advanced economies is expected to bolster export
growth, but lower world commodity prices and rising global funding costs are likely to weigh
on activity across the region.The IMF’s Regional Economic Outlook for the Western
Hemisphere, released on April 24 in Lima, Peru, projects regional growth of 2½ percent in
2014, down from 2¾ percent in 2013. Weak investment and subdued demand for the region’s
exports held back activity in 2013, as did increasingly binding supply bottlenecks in a number
of economies. For 2015, the IMF projects a modest pickup, to 3 percent.According to the
report, Latin America still faces a number of downside risks. The key risk is a sharper decline
in commodity prices caused by weaker demand from some of the major commodity-importing
economies, especially China. Although the effects from a gradual and orderly normalization of
U.S. monetary policy should be contained for most of the region, increased capital flow
volatility also remains a risk.Divergent growth dynamicsGrowth in the financially integrated
economies—Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay—in 2014 is expected to
remain the same as in 2013, at 3½ percent. However, the average growth number masks
considerable divergence across countries Mexico’s economy is expected to rebound to 3
percent this year owing to a stronger U.S. recovery and normalization of domestic factors. In
Brazil, activity is expected to fall below 2 percent in 2014, as weak business confidence
continues to weigh on private investment.The IMF said the key policy priorities for the
financially integrated countries include a careful calibration of macroeconomic policies, a clear
focus on reducing financial vulnerabilities, and stepped-up structural reforms to remove
obstacles to growth.Growth in the other commodity exporters—Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador,
Paraguay, and Venezuela—is projected to fall sharply in 2014, to about 2¾ percent from nearly
6 percent in 2013. The IMF said that fundamental policy adjustments are needed in Venezuela
to avert the risk of disorderly dynamics.Control public spending
Project Report
Latin American
Submitted by
TitiwatSawangvitID 5512101000
Pakornkarakarn
ID 5512101180
TharaphanPattanananchai ID 5512101750
NipooNakarat
ID 5512102090
YanawuthCeeripokagijID 5512103070
ThanawatPaksasorn
ID 5512103590
Present
อาจารย์ กริชวงศ์ เจริญ
Air Transport Economics
Civil Aviation training Center
Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America
http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/cmo/latin_america.page
http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/latin-america-next-growth-market-low-cost-aircarriers/
http://www.boeing.com/boeing/commercial/cmo/index.page?
http://www.iadb.org/en/topics/tourism/tourism-growth-in-latin-america-and-thecaribbean,3853.html