Transitioning into the 20th Century Preview and Processing via the Anticipated Reading Guide The Victorian Era •Ruled from 18371901 (born 1819) •Ruled for 63 years •Longest reign to date •9 children •42 grandchildren •Great –great grandmother to Elizabeth II (and Prince Phillip) •4 greats to Princes William and and Harry Queen Victoria Her god parents included Czar Alexander I Named Alexandrina, after Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria after her mother The Grandmother of Europe Tied Europe together and earning her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe“ last member of the Hanover Dynasty Relationships included: Wilhelm II of Germany Czarina Alexandra Great Grandson Alexis’ King of Denmark King of Spain All of Europe basically 1st cousins Preview and Processing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. At what age did children go to work in the 1800s? Why did parents need their children to work? What type of jobs would children do? How did industrialization increase the need for child labor? How did industrialization demonstrate the need for changes in the work environment? Working Conditions “It is a most painful thing to contemplate the dull, dungeon-like life these little creatures are doomed to spend. A life for the most part passed in solitude, damp and darkness.” More jobs opportunities Not dependant on on weather 14 hrs. a day; 6 days a wk. Children Mines: trappers Orphans 3am to 10:30 pm Factory Act 1833 ○ Illegal to hire children under 9 ○ 9 – 13= 8 hrs ○ 14-18 =12 hrs Makin the Connection 1. How did industrialization lead to class tension and division? 2. Did the government have any responsibility in reforming working conditions? Class Tensions Gap btw. Rich & poor was natural Gov’t should only 1. Wage war 2. uphold law & order Hands off social and economic conditions Adopted “laissez faire” attitude Only lg. property owning men could vote Charles Darwin Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859 Darwin’s Principles 1. 2. 3. More born than can survive wh/ = struggle for survival Variation=no 2 alike Survival of the fittest or natural selection allows for evolution and advancement of the species Making the Connection 1. How was Darwinism used to justify economic / class differences? 2. What is Social Darwinism? 3. What would you do to change this idea? Reforms: new fields open to women Teachers, nurses, secretaries Unions: Better working conditions 2. Better pay 3. Improved health and safety regulations 4. Power of the strike 1. The Turn of the Century The “Beautiful Era” Despite reforms: Upper Class: Still in control 1 to 2% • Middle Class: 25 to 35 % Lower Class 63 to 75% Making the Connection How did the class divisions help to set the stage for World War I? Governments Attempted Change Germany: shared power btw. Kaiser and Chancellor Bicameral 1. Reichstag: elected 2. Bundesrat: chosen Kaiser elected the chancellor Otto von Bismarck ○ Social insurance; Accident or sickness; pension ○ Made strong alliance w/ Austria-Hungary Wilhelm II came to power & forced Bismarck to resign: didn’t want to share power Kaiser Wilhelm II Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck Great Britain Irish Question: Home rule Supported by RC & Protestants Then in N. Prot. Said not to HR because they feared being in the minority WWI breaks out & HR tabled Situation went from bad to worse after the war Making the Connection 1. 2. How is the country of Ireland divided today? How do the pictures you see below reflect a problem that is still on going? What do you think IRA stands for? Britain's Parliament Attempts Reform Bicameral ○ House of Commons ○ House of Lords David Lloyd George=Prime Minister ○ People’s Budget ○ Heavy Taxes on the wealthy ○ HOL voted it down because it would directly effect them The Powder Keg of Europe Nationalism ○ Balkan Peninsula ○ Serbs, Bosnian, Croats, etc. ○ Slavic lang. Pogroms: violence against the Jews ○ Bulgaria 1 mil Jews were massacred War was brewing