BIOGRAPHY
• JOSEPH DJUGASHVILI
• BORN ON 21 JANUARY 19879 IN GORI, GEORGIA
• SON OF A SHOEMAKER AND GRANDSON OF SERFS
• 1888-99: HE RECEIVE 11 YEARS OF EDUCATION( WHICH WAS RARE FOR A PERSON OF HIS CLASS)
• HE USED THE NAME OF KOBA FROM 1902 AND LATER CHANGED IT TO STALIN (‘MAN OF STEEL’) IN 1913
• HE BECAME THE LEADER OF THE USSR AFTER THE DEATH OF LENIN AND LAUNCHED THE FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR THE
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND COLLECTIVIZATION OF SOVIET AGRICULTURE.
• STALIN DIED ON 1 MARCH 1953 WHICH CAUSED PUBLIC GRIEF IN ALL OF RUSSIA.
CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY
• HISTORIANS DESCRIBE HIS TRAITS OF HIS CHARACTER USING THE WORDS
- DISTRUST, ALERTNESS, DISSIMULATION, ENDURANCE AND INTENSE HATRED TOWARDS CLASS SYSTEM
MEMORABLE INFORMATION
• HIS FATHER WAS EXTREMELY HARSH AND OCCASIONALLY BRUTAL WHILE HIS MOTHER WAS AMBITIOUS
AND UNUSUALLY DEVOTED WHICH ,HE CLAIMS, WAS THE ROOTS OF HIS CHOICE OF BECOMING A
MARXIST. HE ALSO SAYS IT WAS THE INTOLERANCE AND DISCIPLINE OF THE THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE HE
GOT EXPULSED (1894) FROM THAT CRUSHED HIM SO MERCILESSLY. THIS COLLEGE ALSO HAD A HISTORY
OF STUDENT UNREST AND POLITICAL DISLOYALTY.
POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF COMMUNIST
PARTY
Page 219 in Textbook
POLITICAL CAREER
1922-1953: He became people’s Commissar for Nationalities in the first Soviet
government and General secretary of the Bolshevik’s party central committee
1912-He was appointed to the central committee of the party by Lenin “Rougher
breed of revolutionaries to shake things up in the theoretical Marxist
assemblies.”
1905- His reputation in local revolutionary circles expanded when he
traveled to Finland to attend a Bolshevik conference
1904- Joined Bolshevik faction of the communists (Bolshevik political
party)
1898- Joined the social democratic underground group in Tbilisi
POLITICAL CAREER
STALIN HAD SUBSTANTIAL POLITICAL INFLUENCE AND WAS A FAMILIAR PUBLIC FIGURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
HE PLAYED AN UNOBTRUSIVE YET INFLUENTIAL ROLES IN THE 1917 REVOLUTION
HE WAS EDITOR OF THE BOLSHEVIK JOURNAL PRAVDA
HE WAS THE LEADER OF THE PETROGRAD SOVIET
TEMPORARY DIRECTOR OF BOLSHEVIK STRATEGY UNTIL THE EXILES RETURNED
HE WAS ONE OF THE TRUE PROLETARIANS IN THE LEADING RANKS OF THE BOLSHEVIK PARTY.
Bolshevik Strategy:
LENIN’S OPINION OF HIS POSSIBLE
SUCCESSORS
Stalin
Trotsky
Kamenev
• Great practical
abilities
• However he was
rough ,
impatient,
lacked caution
and
consideration of
his colleagues
• Intellectual
qualities
• However his
attitude was
overweening,
arrogant, and he
was too
attracted to only
administrative
affairs.
• Too hesitant
before the
seizing power in
1917
Bukharin
• Didn’t get the
full grasp of
theoretical
Marxism
Zinoviev
•Also too hesitant
in the decision of
seizing power in
1917
STALIN RISE TO POWER (HOW)
STALIN’S POLITICAL SKILLS, HIS HANDLING OF HIS POLITICAL WEAPONS, HIS CREATION OF
“LENINISM’, HIS FORMER POLITICAL LIFE AND THE TACTICAL ERRORS OF HIS OPPONENTS GUARANTEED HIS
SUCCESS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER.
POLITICAL AND INFLUENCIAL WEAPONS
Commissar
of
Nationalities
Member of
the
Politburo
Prominent
Member of
Orgburo
-Unglamorous
post
-Just a stepping
tool for Stalin
-The party’s inner
cabinet that was
responsible for
execution and
definition of
government policy
-Executive
bureau designed
by the central
committee for
organization of
policy
Member of
Commissariat
of workers and
peasants
Inspection
-Responsible for
the elimination of
economic
efficiency and
corruption
1922General
secretary of the
party’s central
committee
-With this position
Stalin was able to
control the
membership of the
party (Party
machinery)
OPPONENT’S POLITICAL WEAPONS
Zinoviev
• Dominated the party
organization in
Petrograd
(Leningrad)
• Head of the Comitern
• Member of coalition
against Trotsky
• Prominent member of
the Orgburo
Kamenev
• Dominated party
organization in
Moscow
• Member of coalition
against Trotsky
• Prominent in Orgburo
STALIN CONTROL OF PARTY MACHINERY
•
STALIN WAS THE SECRETARY OF THE PARTY’S CENTRAL COMMITTEE GIVING HIM THE POWER TO
CONTROL THE PARTY’S MEMBERSHIP.
• STALIN USED THIS POWER IN HIS FAVOR AND ASSIGNED SUPPORTERS OF HIS OPPONENTS REMOTE
POSTS WHILE GIVING HIGH LEVEL POSTS TO THOSE WHO WOULD GIVE HIM SUPPORT.
THE STALINIST BOLSHEVIKS
1923
1924
Anastas
Mikoyan
(central
Committee)
Lazar
Kaganovich
(Central
committee)
1925 Kliment
Voroshilov
(military
office)
1926
Vyacheslaw
Molotov and
Mikhail Kalinin
(Politburo)
CULT OF LENIN
• “CREATED A CULT OF LENINISM AND FORMED HIS IMAGE AS THE BEST, THE STAUNCHEST, THE TRUEST
COMRADE-IN-ARMS OF LENIN.”
• HE USED HIS SPEECH AT LENIN'S FUNERAL TO BRING GRIEF, EXALT AND ALSO TO RECRUIT PEOPLE FOR HIS NEW
“LENIN” CULT .
• FOUNDED THE LENIN INSTITUTE
• HIS IMAGE GAVE HIM ADVANTAGE ON TROTSKY BECAUSE OF HIS SIMPLE PEASANT LIFE WHILE TROTSKY
CONVERTED INTO BOLSHEVISM LATE AND WAS MORE SOPHISTICATED
• HE BECAME MORE APPEALING TO EVERYONE!
TACTICAL ERRORS OF OPPONENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
TROTSKY ATTACKED LENIN S POLICY AS A NEW ECONOMIC POLICY << CONTRADICTED THE PREVAILING
LENINISM
TROTSKY AND ZINOVIEV FAILED TO PUBLISH LENIN'S TESTAMENT THAT CLAIMED STALIN WAS A
DANGEROUS SUCCESSOR OF HIS THRONE.
THE UNITED OPPOSITION TO STALIN ( TROTSY, ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV ) DECREASED THEIR
CREDIBILITY BECAUSE THEY WERE RIVALS MONTHS EARLIER.
THE POLITBURO WAS ILL -QUIPPED AND HAD LITTLE POLITICAL EXPERIENCE AND HAD NOT CLIMBED UP
TO THEIR POSITION LIKE STALIN DID.
OPPOSITION TO TROTSKY
•
•
•
•
HE HAD FORMED A UNITED OPPOSITION AGAINST TROTSKY WITH KAMENEV, ZINOVIEV AND BUKHARIN
•
•
•
•
HIS CAMPAIGN (OCT 1923-JAN 1924) FOR GREATER DEMOCRACY IN THE PARTY NARROWED HIS SUPPORT
THOSE ACCUSED OF OPPOSING STALIN WERE KNOWN AS TROTSKYITES
HE WAS LATE TO CONVERT INTO BOLSHEVISM
PEOPLE FEARED HE WOULD TURN AGAINST THE REVOLUTION CANCELED OUT HIS ACHIEVEMENTS AT THE HEAD OF THE RED
ARMY
DID NOT ATTEND LENIN’S FUNERAL DUE TO SICKNESS BUT THAT DECREASED HIS CREDIBILITY AS A SUCCESSOR.
HE ATTACKED LENIN’S NEP AFTER HIS DEATH WHICH OPPOSED GROWING LENINISM (MORE BOLSHEVIK)
HE HELD ON TO THE THEORY OF “ PERMANENCY OF REVOLUTION” WHICH STATE THAT THE REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA WOULD
TRIGGER REVOLUTION IN ALL OF EUROPE AND DESTROY CAPITALISM AND ONLY THEN WOULD THE FUTURE OF SOCIALISM BE
SECURE ( STALIN SUBSCRIBED TO THIS VIEW UNTIL 1924) . THIS BECAME UNPOPULAR BECAUSE OF THE DECADES OF
SUFFERING OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE . THEY WERE TIRED AND WORN OUT , THEY DID NOT WANT MORE REVOLUTIONS. (MORE
BOLSHEVIK)
ESTABLISHMENT OF DICTATORSHIP
• STALIN DEVIATED FROM TRUE BOLSHEVISM (LENINISM) AND DEVELOPED HIS OWN THEORY OF “SOCIALISM IN
ONE COUNTRY”
- SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY STATES THAT DESPITE THE PRESENT RUIN OF THE USSR THE LARGE AMOUNT OF
RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY ITSELF WOULD BE SUFFICIENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A STABLE SOCIALIST
COUNTRY WITH NO EXTERNAL AID WHATSOEVER.
-IT WAS LARGELY ACCEPTED IN THE PARTY THAN THAT OF TROTSKY’S AND ASSURED STALIN'S VICTORY IN THE
POWER STRUGGLE (EVEN THOUGH HISTORIANS ARGUE THAT HIS THEORY WAS ACCEPTED BECAUSE OF HIS
POLITICAL SUPREMACY)
-SOME ALSO ARGUE IT WAS ACCEPTED BECAUSE IT LAID WHOLLY IN SOVIET HANDS AND DID NOT DEPEND ON
OUTSIDE FORCES; PEOPLE BELIEVED IT WILL BE THE END THE DECADE OF ENORMOUS SUFFERING 1914-1924
CONSTITUTION OF 1924
• IT CONFIRMED THE MERGE OF OTHER NATIONS AND THE USSR WHILE LEAVING EACH REPUBLIC THE
CHOICE TO LEAVE. (NOT RECOMMENDED)
• VOTING WAS OPEN TO ALL ADULTS THAT ARE CITIZENS BUT THEY COULD ONLY VOTE AT A LOCAL LEVEL
WHICH WOULD THEN VOTE FOR THEM TO REACH A HIGHER SOVIET ( SERIES OF TESTS TILL YOU MAKE IT
TO THE TOP)
CONSTITUTION OF
1924
1. THE ALL-RUSSIAN CONGRESS OF SOVIETS
- CENTRAL COMMITTEE
- PRESIDIUM
(ALL MAJOR DECISIONS WERE MADE HERE)
2. SOVIETS HIERARCHY
- CONTAINED REPUBLICAN, PROVINCIAL,
DISTRICT, AND LOCAL LEVELS.
THREE MAIN FORCES OF SOVIET POLITICS
1.
2.
3.
THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION ( BOLSHEVIKS). MEMBERSHIP WAS REQUIRED FOR POLITICAL POST. BY
1922 A SERIES OF PURGES GOT RID OF THE MENSHEVIKS AND SOCIAL REVOLUTIONISTS ( ONE PARTY). THE PARTY
BECAME CROWDED WITH THE INTELLIGENTSIA, NUMBERS INCREASED FORM 1.3M TO 3.5 MILLION FROM 1928 TO 1933.
THE GPU OR OGPU WAS THE SUCCESSOR OF THE CHEKA (THE NEW SOCIALIST SECRET POLICE). IT NEVER FAILED TO DO
ANYTHING THE PARTY WANTED. IT MERGED INTO THE PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS (NKVD) WHICH
SUPERVISED PROJECTS OF THE FIVE YEAR PLAN , PLAYED A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE PURGING OF THE PARTY AND
CONTROLLED LABOR FORCE.
THE ARMY WAS BROUGHT UNDER CLOSE PARTY CONTROL THROUGH A SERIES OF REFORMS (1924-1925). IN 1925
TROTSKY WAS REPLACED AS COMMISSAR OF WAR BY MIKHAIL FRUNZE. BY 1933 93% OF SENIOR COMMANDERS WERE
PARTY MEMBERS AND THE PARTY ENJOYED A HIGH DEGREE OF AUTHORITY OVER THE ARMY.
KEEPING UP SO FAR?
ECONOMIC POLICY
• THE INITIAL NEW ECONOMIC POLICY OF LENIN WAS WORKING AND BY 1926 IT HAD LARGELY ACHIEVED
ITS GOALS IN TERMS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION.
• PRIVATE TRADING DROPPED
• TROTSKY, KAMENEV, AND ZINOVIEV PROMOTED RAPID, FORCED INDUSTRIAL GROWTH THROUGH
CENTRALIZED PLANNING AND CONTROL , WHICH STALIN HAD ORIGINALLY OPPOSED BECAUSE IT WAS
“TOO GREAT OF A DEPARTURE FROM LENINISM.
So why did Stalin change his mind?
WHY STALIN DEVIATED FORM LENIN'S NEP
• PROCUREMENT CRISIS OF 1927-1928 WHICH RESULTED FROM THE RISK OF SUBSTANTIAL FOOD
SHORTAGES.
• PEASANTS CONTINUED CULTIVATING 97.3% OF THE FARMLAND AND REFUSED TO DELIVER GRAIN AT THE
LOW PRICES SET BY THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT. THIS RESULTED IN THE SHORTFALL OF 2 MILLION TONS OF
GRAIN BY 1927.
• THE RISK OF SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY FAILING WAS CAUSED BY THE GREEDY, RICHER PEASANTS
ALSO KNOWN AS THE KULAKS.
ADOPTING THE PLANNED AND CENTRALIZED
ECONOMIC POLICY
GoalTo catch up and eventually overcome the economies of capitalist countries in the
shortest amount of time possible.
IN INDUSTRY
• EXPANSION OF OUTPUT
• EXPLOITATION OF NEW RESOURCES
• PREDETERMINED PRODUCTION QUOTAS
• BRINGING OF FACTORIES UNDER STRICT STATE
CONTROL
IN AGRICULTURE
• FORCED GRAIN PROCUREMENT 1928-29
• TURN SMALL SCATTERED PEASANTS FARMS INTO
LARGE UNITED FARMS UNDER CENTRALIZED
CONTROL OF THE GOVERNMENT
• BRINGING OF FARMS UNDER STRICT STATE
CONTROL
IMPACT OF CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE
•
THE ELIMINATION 0F THE KULAKS ( LOSS OF KULAK EXPERTISE- LAND WENT TO INEXPERIENCED FARM MANAGERS.)
-EXPLAINED AS BOLSHEVIK CLASS STRUGGLE BY ELIMINATING THE LAST CLASS IN RUSSIA THAT STILL BENEFITED FROM
THE OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY . NO ONE OWNS ANYTHING!!
- THE GOVERNMENT’ S MAIN WEAPON WAS THE JEALOUSY OF 7M POORER PEASANT THE BEDNIAKS AND THE FEAR OF THE
MIDDLE CLASS PEASANTS THE SEREDNIAKS. >CLASS WAR (1928-MARCH 1930)
•
•
IN RURAL RUSSIA STALIN WAS WORRIED ABOUT THE CHAOS AND BLAMED IT ON LOCAL OFFICIALS.
RUTHLESS ELIMINATION OF PRIVATE FARMERS CONTINUED UNTIL 1938 WHEN THE SOVIET UNION BOASTED 242,000 COLLECTIVE
FARMS. 2 DIFFERENT TYPES:
-SOVHKHOZ WHICH WAS THE STATE FARM ENTIRELY OWNS BY THE STATE . PEASANTS WORKED OF THEM FOR WAGES.
-KOLHZOZ WHICH WAS A COLLECTIVE FARM MEANING LAND AND EQUIPMENT (1958) WERE COLLECTIVELY OWNED BY THE
PEASANT
•
•
•
•
RUSSIANS WERE CONDEMNED TO A MEATLESS DIET
BETWEEN 1933 AND 1938 UKRAINE HAD A DEATH TOLL OF ABOUT 5 MILLION RUSSIANS
INDUSTRIAL POWER WAS LAID AT THE COST OF PEASANTRY
FINALLY IN 1940 THE GRAIN PRODUCTION MATCHED THOSE OF 1914
IMPACT OF ECONOMIC POLICY ON
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
Harsh conditions
- INADEQUATE EQUIPMENT
- NO FACILITIES OR COMFORT IN WORK PLACE
- CLOSE SUPERVISION ON NKVD
- NEGLECT OF SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
- RISK OF PROSECUTION AS “SABOTEUR” IF THE
TARGETS ARE NOT MET
- RISE IN FOOD PRICES
- PRODUCTION OF CONSUMER GOOD
- ABSENTEEISM AND LATENESS FOR WORK BY MORE
THAN 20 MINUTES A CRIMINAL OFFENCE PUNISHABLE
BY IMPRISONMENT.
ACHIEVEMENTS THE FIVE YEAR PLANS
1ST FIVE YEAR PLAN
• THIS PLAN, WHICH BEGAN IN 1928, WAS TO BE THE
BEGINNING OF THE CHANGE THAT WOULD CHANGE
RUSSIA INTO AN INDUSTRIAL SUPER POWER LIKE
AMERICA.
• IT'S MAIN EMPHASIS WAS THE PRODUCTION OF
ENERGY AND CONSTRUCTION TOOLS SUCH AS
COAL, OIL, ELECTRICITY, IRON, STEEL, AND CEMENT.
• INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INCREASED BUT
STARVATION WAS IGNORED.
2ND FIVE YEAR PLAN
• LASTED FROM 1933-1937
• IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL FACTORS LIKE IRON, OIL,
AND ELECTRICITY HAD STARTED TO GROW FASTER.
• MORE OF THE PEASANTRY WAS GETTING INVOLVED
IN THE URBAN WORK FORCE.
• THE GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT OF THE SOVIET
UNION HAD INCREASED BY ALMOST 12%
• UNEMPLOYMENT DROPPED FROM 1.7 MILLION TO
NONE
*The Goal of making the Soviet Union an industrial power was achieved.
THE GREAT PURGE
(REFER TO NATALIE’S PPT)
SOCIALIST STATE?
CIVIL RIGHTS
• END OF CLASS WARFARE
• SOVIET CITIZEN CIVIL RIGHTS: FREEDOM OF
SPEECH, FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, THE RIGHTS TO
WORK, TO REST AND LEISURE, THE RIGHT TO
EDUCATION, THE RIGHT TO MAINTENANCE IN OLD
AGE AND SICKNESS.
EDUCATION
•
JULY 1930 – INTRODUCED COMPULSORY PRIMARY
EDUCATION DOUBLING THE SCHOOL POPULATION.
•
THE GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT WAS THE VICTORY OVER
TRADITIONAL PEASANT’S CURSE OF ILLITERACY
•
EVERYONE COULD ATTEND ALTHOUGH THERE WAS A
DOMINANCE OF RUSSIANS, UKRAINIANS AND JEWS IN
SCHOOLS AND WOMEN WERE MORE SUCCESSFUL.
SOCIALIST STATE?
RELIGION AND THE STATE
•
•
THE STATE EXPERIENCED GREAT OPPOSITION FROM THE
ORTHODOX CHURCH.
THE FAMILY
• JUNE 1936- THE FAMILY WAS REINSTATED AS THE
BASE OF SOCIETY.
THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF WORSHIP AND THE RIGHT TO
HAVE NO RELIGION AT ALL
• MAY 1935- PARENTAL DEMEANOR TO CHILD
•
THE POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF THE ORTHODOX CHURCH WAS
DESTROYED
• SYSTEM OF REWARDS FOR CHILD BEARING . EX.:
•
THEY BELIEVED RELIGION WOULD FIND NEW PLACE IN THE
NEW SOCIETY.
RESPONSIBILITY
MEDAL OF MOTHER > MOTHER OF 5 CHILDREN OR
MOTHER HEROINE> MOTHER OF 10 CHILD.
FOREIGN POLICY
THEORY
•
THEY BELIEVED THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WOULD BE THE
END OF EUROPEAN CAPITALISM
•
THE CENTRAL AIM BECAME SURVIVAL ( ONLY
SOCIALIST/COMMUNIST STATE SURROUNDED BY
CAPITALIST STATES)
•
STALIN LEANED TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIAL
STRENGTHS BEST HOPE FOR SOVIET SURVIVAL.
PRACTICE
• THEY WERE IN NEED FOR ALLIES AND PROMISED TO
PAY TSARIST DEBTS TO DIFFERENT COUNTRIES.
• MARCH 1921 – TRADE AGREEMENT WITH BRITAIN
• BRITAIN, ITALY AND FRANCE RECOGNIZED THE
SOVIET REGIME
• MUTUAL SUSPICION OF MOTIVES MADE RELATIONS
IMPOSSIBLE.
TREATY OF RAPALLO
• THE GREATEST SUCCESS FOR SOVIET DIPLOMACY WERE DEALINGS WITH GERMANY.
• THE TREATY WAS NOT AN ALLIANCE BUT AN ARRANGEMENT USEFUL TO 2 ISOLATED AND APPREHENSIVE
STATES
• IT WAS SIGNED BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND GERMANY IN APRIL 1922.
• THE SOVIET GAINED MILITARY AND ECONOMIC ADVICE FROM GERMANY.
• OTHER COUNTRIES STARTED TO BACK AWAY FROM THE USSR BECAUSE THEY BELIEVED THE TREATY HAD
MORE MEANING.
STALIN REACTS TO NAZISM
• STALIN DID NOT THINK HITLER WOULD BE A THREAT TO HIM OR THE USSR.
• FINALLY IN 1935 THE SOVIET UNION REALIZED THE THREAT OF NAZISM
• SOVIETS CHANGED THEIR TACTICS IN 1934 AND SEEK MUTUAL ASSISTANCE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
FRANCE (MAY 1935) AND TRIED TO ENTER THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
• THOSE ACTIONS SCARED HITLER INTO THE CHANGE OF AGGRESSIVE PLANS AND MAKING SURE THAT THE
SOVIET WOULD NOT BE THE ONLY ONES FIGHTING IF HITLER STARTS A WAR.
DAMAGES OF WORLD WAR TWO
PROS
CONS
•
•
•
70000 VILLAGES IN THE OCCUPIED REGION OF THE SOVIET UNION HAD
BEEN COMPLETELY DESTROYED
•
•
•
17 MILLION HEAD OF CATTLE HAD BEEN LOST
•
•
•
AN ESTIMATED 25 MILLION SOVIET CITIZENS WERE HOMELESS
MILITARY VICTORY
CREATION OF BLOCK CLIENT STATES IN EASTERN EUROPE PROVIDED
TERRITORIAL SECURITY AND CREATED OPPORTUNITIES FOR
ECONOMIC PLUNDER
•
STRIPPED INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION AND TRANSFERRED THE
MATERIALS TO THE USSR
•
2 MILLION GERMAN PRISONERS INCREASED THE DOMESTIC LABOR
FORCE
•
REPARATION PAYMENTS WERE DEMANDED FROM GERMANY- 10,000
MILLION
•
CREATION OF 4 FIVE YEAR THAT TURNED OUT TO BE A GREAT SUCCESS

65000 KM OF RAILWAY TRACKS HAD BEEN DESTROYED
50% OF ALL URBAN LIVING SPACE AVAILABLE IN THE PRE WAR YEARS
HAD NOW CEASED TO EXIST.
LABOR SHORTAGES
THE ESTIMATE SOVIET DEATH ROLL AND IMPRISONMENT IN WAR CAMP
WAS ABOUT 9 MILLION PEOPLE
ECONOMIC REESTABLISHMENT AFTER WW2
FOURTH FIVE YEAR PLAN ( 1946-1950)
•
BY 1950 THE LEVELS OF REPRODUCTION WAS RESTORED AND EVEN SURPASSED ORIGINAL LEVELS BY SOME
BARGAIN.
-STEEL PRODUCTION INCREASED FROM 18.3 MILLION TONS TO 27.3 MILLION TONS.
-OIL PRODUCTION ROSE 37.9 MILLION TONS TO 31.1 MILLION N TONS
-NATIONAL INCOME WAS 61% HIGHER THEN PRE WAR LEVEL
-INDUSTRIAL WAGES WERE NEARLY TWICE THE 1941 LEVEL
HOWEVER
-THE AGRARIAN ECONOMY WAS NOT A MAIN COMPONENT “ MISSED OPPORTUNITY”
-GRAIN PRODUCTION LEVELS WERE NOT IMMEDIATELY ACHIEVED ( 1946 LESS THAN HALF OF 1940)
-RADICAL SOVIET BIOLOGISTS REJECTED ORTHODOX ‘AGROBIOLOGY’ AND CHANGED IT WITH BIZARRE THEORIES
THAT WERE ADOPTED UNTIL 1960 EVEN THOUGH IT WAS A TOTAL FAILURE. (CVPOVP)
POLITICAL REESTABLISHMENT AFTER WW2
STALIN WAS TO ELIMINATE ANY THREAT TO HIS PERSONAL AUTHORITY (POLITICAL PURGES) AND ANYONE WHO HAD BEEN IN CONTACT
WITH FOREIGN POLITICAL INFLUENCES ; EXAMPLES: PRISONERS, SOLDIERS, COMMANDERS, OFFICERS>> NKVD LABOR CAMPS AND POW
CAMPS.
•
•
•
IMPORTANT POLITICAL, MILITARY, OTHER LOCAL OFFICIALS FIGURES ARRESTED AND EXECUTED
BETWEEN 1945 AND STALIN'S DEATH IN 1953 ,100000 PARTY MEMBERS WERE EXPELLED FROM THE PARTY YEARLY
ON SEPTEMBER 1945 HE DISSOLVED THE STATE DEFENSE COMMITTEE BECAUSE IT WAS STAFFED WITH LEADING MILITARY FIGURES
ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE OF POLITICAL PURGES
•
•
•
•
•
IN 1949 ALL FIVE PARTY SECRETARIES OF LENINGARD WERE ARRESTED AND EXECUTED
THE KREMLIN WAS SUSPECTED OF MAKING A PLOT AGAINST THE STALIN AND WAS RESPONSIBLE OF TWO PREVIOUS LEADER’S DEATHS
ESTONIA, LATVIA AND LITHUNIVIA (NEWLY RUSSIAN STATES)  << FAR HARSHER POLICIES THAN THE REST OF RUSSIA
OVER 20000 OF THE HABITANTS IN THOSE STATES WERE DEPORTED AND IMPRISONED THEM FOR THEIR ROLE IN THE GERMAN OCCUPATION
THEN IN 1949 A FURTHER 150000 WERE DEPORTED AND IMPRISONED
TO BALANCE OUT THE POPULATION RUSSIAN IMMIGRATION WAS ENCOURAGED AND FROM 1944-1959 580,000 RUSSIAN SETTLED IN
ESTONIA AND LATVIA.
END OF DICTATORSHIP AND DEATH
• ON MARCH 1 1953 STALIN SUFFERED FROM A MASSIVE STROKE AND DIED FOUR DAYS LATER,
• HIS DEATH BROUGHT GRIEF TO THE PEOPLE OF RUSSIA WHO WERE WONDERING HOW THEY WOULD
SURVIVE WITHOUT SUCH A LEADER.
• COLLECTIVE LEADERSHIP FOLLOWED HIM BY CLOSE ASSOCIATED OF STALIN’S.