Fun Facts about… the Excretory
System
• Your kidneys filter all your blood every 45 minutes
• In one day, 440 gallons of blood flow through the kidneys.
• There are 1 million nephrons in a kidney that are responsible for filtering blood.
• You excrete between 1 and 1.5 liters of urine each day.

• Regulates water content of blood
• Regulates blood volume
• Maintains blood pH
• Removes waste products from blood

• Located on either side of the spinal column near the lower back

NEPHRON
• Each nephron has its own blood supply
• As blood enters a nephron, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct.
The purified blood then exits the nephron.

• Filtration
– Process of removing wastes from the blood
•Water
•Urea
•Glucose
•Salt
•Amino acids
•Some vitamins
• Reabsorption
– Process in which liquid is taken back into the blood
– Remaining material
Urine
– Urea
– Excess salt
– About 1% of the filtered water

STEP 2
• The URINE moves through a URETER
– A tube connecting the kidney to the bladder
STEP 3
• To the URINARY
BLADDER
– A saclike organ that stores the urine
STEP 4
• Before being excreted through the URETHRA

KIDNEY
Urethra
URETER
Bladder

FUNCTIONS
1. To produce sex cells (eggs)
2. Nourish and protect the embryo
(fertilized egg/growing child)

• VAGINA- stretchy, muscular tube; sometimes called the birth canal.
Used in intercourse.
• UTERUS holds and nourishes growing embryo. Made of muscle for contractions to push the baby out. Lines itself with blood
– Menstrual cycle- bleeding from the uterus. Every 28 days

• OVARIES- produce , store and release eggs
• FALLOPIAN TUBE- catches the released egg and pushes the egg toward the uterus
(fertilization takes place here)
• OVULATION- maturation and release of an egg

FUNCTIONS:
1.To make sperm
2.To deliver sperm to the fallopian tube

• Penis - an organ made of spongy tissue; used in excretion and intercourse
• Scrotum - saclike structure that holds the epididymis and testes
• Testicles -make sperm produces testosterone

• Sperm -sex cells
• Vas Deferens- thin tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra
• Semen fluid sperm swim in

Fun Facts about…the Respiratory System
• We breathe about 9 to 20 times every minute.
• The fastest sneeze on record was 102 miles per hour in speed.
• Hiccups are caused by a spasm or sudden movement in your diaphragm.

•Function: to bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues.

• Air moves through the
NOSE to a tube in the back of the mouth called the PHARYNX .
– To keep the lungs healthy, the air must be:
•Filtered
•Moistened
•Warmed

• From the PHARYNX air passes into the
TRACHEA
• The air then moves into two passageways called BRONCHI
• Each BRONCHUS leads into a LUNG

• The lungs are made of tiny air sacs called
ALVEOLI
• Capillaries surround each ALVEOLI enabling gas exchange to take place

Fun Facts about… the Circulatory System
• One drop of blood has about 5 million red blood cells and 12,000 white blood cells.
• Blood circulates the entire body in 20 seconds.
• The heartbeats about 30 million times in 365 days.
• An average adult's body has about 5 liters of blood.

• FUNCTION : circulates blood within a system of vessels to transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products
• STRUCTURES : heart, series of blood vessels, and blood

• Made up of cardiac muscle
• Four chambers (left and right ventricle, left and right atrium)
• Valves stop the backflow of blood
• Pumps blood throughout the body

1. Arteries -carry blood away from heart
(oxygenated)
2. Veins -carry blood to heart
(de-oxygenated)
3. Capil laries -gas exchange occurs

• Human body contains 4-6 liters of blood
• 45% - cells (red and white blood cells, platelets)
– Red : contains hemoglobin (carries oxygen)
– White : Fights pathogens
– Platelets : clot
• 55% - plasma (mostly water; contains dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and proteins)

• Function: A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that collects fluid (lymph) that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system.

Fun Facts about… the Endocrine System
• It contains 30 hormones that are responsible for regulating different body processes.
• Your mood is largely influenced by the Endocrine
System.
• A guy’s voice change is brought on by your endocrine system.
• Your height is influenced by inherited genes and hormones.

• Made up of glands that release products that deliver messages into bloodstream.
• These chemical products are called hormones.
Glands:
– Exocrine : release secretion through ducts directly to the organs that use them. Ex: Sweat, tears, digestive juices
• Sweat is used to maintain homeostasis
– Endocrine: release hormones directly into bloodstream. NO DUCTS

Definition: Chemicals released in one part of the body that travels through the bloodstream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body
• The body’s responses to hormones are slower and longer-lasting than signals from the nervous system.
– It may take several minutes, hours, or even days before the hormone takes full effect.

• Pituitary : controls the actions of the other endocrine glands
• Hypothalamus : controls pituitary gland
• Thyroid : body’s metabolism
• Parathyroid: calcium levels in the blood
• Adrenal : help body deal with stress
• Pancreas: maintain blood glucose levels
• Ovaries : produce eggs
• Testes : produce sperm

AIDS
• Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
– HIV spreads through the body by replicating inside immune cells (helper T cells)
– NO CURE
– Can be contracted by:
•Sex with infected person
•Sharing needles with infected person
•Contact with blood of infected person
•An infected mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breast-feeding