Chapter 20
APUSH
Mrs. Price
“America has never been an empire. We
may be the only great power in history
that had the chance, and refused –
preferring greatness to power and justice
to glory.” George W. Bush
Roots of Expansionism & Empire
• Nationalism
1. Social Darwinists
2. J. Fiske, J. Strong,
J. Burgess
“The Hierarchy of Race”
• Economic Growth: desire for new markets
& raw materials
US Foreign Investments
• Foreign Policy Elite: Prosperity & security
of US depended on American influence
overseas
1. Henry Cabot Lodge
2. T. Roosevelt
3. J. Blaine
4. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Influence of the
Sea Power on History
Hawaii
• Historically a way station & site of
missionary work
• 1830s: 1st sugar plantations
• Americans damaged native population –
diseases, religion, liquor, firearms
Hawaii Timeline
• 1875: Hawaiian sugar is duty-free in US
• 1887: US gained naval rights to Pearl
Harbor
• 1890: McKinley Tariff removes exemption
on Hawaiian sugar; planters begin to plot
revolution
1893: Queen Liliuokalani is overthrown
1898: Hawaii is annexed
U.S. View of Hawaiians
Queen Liliuokalani
Cuba
• 1895: Cuban revolt
against Spain
• Rebels use scorchedearth strategy
• Spanish General
Weyler forced
Cubans into
concentration camps
– thousands die of
disease & malnutrition
Yellow Journalism
• New type of
newspaper reporting
• Sensational news
• Hearst vs. Pulitzer
• Cuba is a way to sell
more papers
• “You furnish the
pictures, I’ll furnish
the war.” – Hearst to
Frederick Remington
De Lôme Letter
• February 1898
• Dupuy de Lôme,
Spanish Ambassador
to US
• Criticized McKinley as
weak
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana
Spanish American War
• April – August
1898
• Many more died
of disease than
in battle
Dewey seizes the Philippines
Rough Riders
End of the War
• Armistice signed August 12
• Treaty of Paris (Dec 1898)
- US gets Puerto Rico & Guam
- US pays Spain $20 million for the
Philippines
- Cuba is freed from Spanish rule
The Philippines
• Debate over
annexation
• American AntiImperialist League
(1899)
• Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
Jennings Bryan
• Against acts of
imperialism
The Philippine War (1898-1902)
• Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo
• 4,300 US deaths & over 50,000 Filipinos
• Brutal guerilla fighting
Governing the Empire
• Dilemma: Did US citizenship follow the
flag?
• Puerto Rico
- Foraker Act (1900): ended military rule &
established colonial govt
- Insular Cases: (1901-03): Constitutional
rights were not automatic to territories
- Jones Act (1917): became US territory &
made Puerto Ricans US citizens
Cuba
• US forces stay until 1902
• Made improvements
• Platt Amendment (1901)
1. Cuba could not enter into any alliances
that could endanger its independence
2. US can intervene in Cuban affairs
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to
US for naval & coaling stations
The Philippines
• US made improvements
• Independence on July 4, 1946
China
• European countries tried to carve up
China
The Open Door Notes/Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal
access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
Boxer Rebellion
• Boxers: Secret Chinese martial-arts society
• Revolt against foreigners in China (1900)