Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
1
Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Unit 3 Vocab:
Cell theory
Plasma membrane
Organelles
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Nucleus
Selective permeability
Phospholipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Cilia/Flagella
Diffusion
Osmosis
Isotonic solution
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Energy
Metabolism
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Calvin cycle
Anaerobic process (respiration)
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Cell cycle
Mitosis
Interphase
Cytokinesis
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Station One: History of the Cell and the Cell Theory
Directions: Navigate to http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/stephene/cell_theory_match.swf After you have correctly
matched up the correct famous scientist to his important discovery/experiment, write the correct answers below:
Scientists
Virchow
Important discovery/Experiment
Leeuwenhoek
Hooke
Schleiden
Schwann
The Cell Theory states the following: (p. 183)
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________________
Next, look at figure 7.1 on pp. 182-183. List 5 other important events in the history of microscope IN ORDER with dates:
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Station Two: Types of Microscopes and Using a Microscope
Insert materials from: http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/microscope_use.html#.Una8w4nnbIU
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Station Three: Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells
Insert hand out from
http://www.flinnsci.com/media/432196/pogil_prokaryotic_and_eukaryotic_cells.pdf
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
The Plasma membrane:
Name: ____________________________________
Remember from chapter 1: the process of maintaining balance in an organism’s internal environment is call homeostasis
-
Essential to the survival of a cell
Plasma membrane is mostly responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Plasma membrane:
-
Is thin
Is a flexible boundary between cell and environment
Allows nutrients into the cell
Allows waste and other products to leave the cell
Is present and eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
A key property of the plasma membrane is selective permeability:
-
Allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out
Like a fish net
Water, oxygen, glucose, wastes, carbon dioxide
Control of how, when, and how much of these substances enter the cell relies on the structure of the plasma
membrane
Made of a phospholipid bilayer
-
Arranged tail-to-tail as shown
above
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head
Why are the structured this way?
Other components of the plasma
membrane:
-
Transport proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohdyrate chains
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Fluid mosaic model
Now that you know the different components of the cell membrane, it’s up to you to create a model displaying the
following:
Phospholipid bilayer with
-
1. Polar head
2. Non polar tails
3. Transport proteins
4. Cholesterol molecules
5. Carbohydrate chains
Get creative! I’d like you to just use materials from around your home. Don’t go buy anything! You’ll get 5 points for
each correct component WITH a label for a total of 25 points. Below, write what each component is and why you chose
that material to represent that component:
Structure
What represents this
structure on your
model?
Why did you choose to use this to represent
this component?
Polar head
Non polar tail
Transport
proteins
Cholesterol
molecules
Carbohydrate
chains
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Insert stuff from http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/E08/E08.html
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Organelle Review
Directions: Navigate to http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=ap11604 as you click through the
slides, fill in the following information about cell organelles
Organelle
Function
Why is it important
to the cell?
Sketch it
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi
Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Centrosome
Nucleus
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Cell
membrane
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Diffusion and Osmosis and the Cell Membrane
Passive Transport
1) Diffusion
o movement of material from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
o concentration – how much of something is in a
specific area
o DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY
o Goes until equilibrium (same concentrations)
o Solution with a solute and solvent
 Solute=
 Solvent=
o Affected by:
 Temp, pressure, electrical currents, and molecular size
2) Osmosis
o diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
2) Osmosis (cont’d)
 Isotonic – same concentration of solution

Hypertonic – increased concentration of solute (sugar or salt)
 Crenation
 Plasmolysis

Hypotonic – decreased concentration of solute (sugar or salt)
 Cytolysis
 Turgor pressure
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
o
-
Name: ____________________________________
Osmotic Pressure
 Freshwater diffuses in, cell explodes if too much!!
 Plants cell wall prevents explosion
Osmosis and homeostasis in animals:
3) Facilitated Diffusion (Transport)
Proteins channels exist that are specific for certain molecules, only those molecules pass through
 still diffusion, relies on concentrations
 Glucose and amino acids
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Active Transport
- move from low to high concentration
o REQUIRES ENERGY
o Usually chemical energy in the form of ATP
o The proteins are often called pumps
 Act just like a water pump
-
Endocytosis= taking in substances by vesicle formation
o Portion of plasma membrane folds in to envelop the substance then the membrane pinches off to
form an intracellular vesicle
o Three ways:
 Phagocytosis (cell
eating)
 Common in
unicellular organisms
(amoebas)
 Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
 Vesicles form around a liquid
 Blood cells, cells lining kidney tubules,
and intestinal wall
 Receptor-mediated Endocytosis:
 Form of pinocytosis
 Uses receptor protein shaped so that a specific molecule can bind to it
-
Exocytosis
o Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs
o Hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes are secreted from cells
o Vesicles are produced by the Golgi Apparatus
o Normal part of cell growth
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Type of
transport
Diffusion
Energy
required?
Name: ____________________________________
Direction of
movement
Requirement
Examples
Facilitated
transport
Active
transport
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Chapter 8- Cellular Energy
Name: ____________________________________
All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes
Energy= ability to do work
-
Required for:
o Breakdown of molecules in your body
o Transporting substances across membrane
o Genetic instructions being transmitted
All energy for life comes from the Sun
-
Review: Heterotrophs v. Autotrophs?
Metabolism= All of the chemical reactions in a cell
-
-
Metabolic pathway= a series of chemical rxns in which the product of 1 rxn is the reactant for the next
reaction
See Figure 8.3 in p. 220
Include 2 broad types:
o Catabolic pathways: release energy by breaking down larger molecules
o Anabolic pathways: use energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules
This results in the continual flow of energy w/in an organism
Photosynthesis: the anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy that the cell
uses
-
Autotrophs use light, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose and oxygen
This glucose is then transferred to other organisms when they consume the plant
Cellular respiration: Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
-
Oxygen is used to break down organic molecules to make carbon dioxide and water
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration are cycles for each other!
Energy exists in many forms, including:
-
Light energy
Mechanical energy
Thermal energy
Chemical energy
In living organisms, chemical energy is stored and can be made into other forms of energy when needed
-
Ex: chemical energy (glucose) is converted to mechanical energy when muscles contract
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) most important biological molecule that provides this chemical energy
See figure 8.4 on p. 221
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Photosynthesis Worksheet
1. What is the overall reaction for photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O  glucose (C6H12O6) + 6 O2
2. How does this compare to the overall reaction for cellular respiration?
It is the reverse of the overall reaction for cellular respiration.
3. Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
from sunlight
4. What plant pigments are involved in photosynthesis?
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids
5. Explain why chlorophyll appears green to us in terms of what happens to different wavelengths of light that strike a
chlorophyll molecule.
We see light that bounces off of objects (reflected light). Chlorophyll is best at trapping and absorbing the red –
orange wavelengths of light and the blue, indigo, and violet wavelengths of light. It is not good at absorbing the
green wavelengths. The green light is reflected, so it is the part we see. Therefore, chlorophyll looks green to us.
6. How does the amount of energy in light change as the wavelength increases?
As wavelength increases, amount of energy decreases. Thus, violet light (which has a shorter wavelength) has more
energy that red light (which has a longer wavelenth).
7. Which colors of light are most effective for photosynthesis? Explain why.
Chlorophyll looks green to us because most of the green wavelengths are reflected rather than being absorbed. For
this reason, green light is not an effective color of light to power photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a and b together
absorb light most effectively in the blue to violet range and the orange to red range. Since violet wavelengths have
the most energy in the visible light range (due to their shorter wavelengths) they can provide the maximum energy
for photosynthesis.
8. In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
in the chloroplasts
9. What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light reactions and Calvin cycle
10. In which part of the chloroplast does each stage occur?
The light reactions take place in the thylakoids.
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.
Name: ____________________________________
11. What happens to water molecules in the light reactions?
Water molecules (H2O) are split to give electrons, H+ ions, and oxygen gas (O2) .
12. What photosynthesis waste product is formed in the light reactions?
oxygen gas (O2)
13. What two products of the light reactions are used up in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
14. What happens to carbon dioxide molecules in the Calvin cycle reactions?
In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) are combined with each other and with the electrons and H’s
from NADPH to form glucose (C6H12O6).
15. How can cells store the sugar that is produced in photosynthesis?
It is stored as starch.
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
16. Label the diagram below to summarize the two stages of photosynthesis. Use the word bank below the diagram to
fill in the blanks.
2. H2O
3. CO2
1. light
4. stroma
7. NADP+
4. _____
8.ADP+P_
11. Calvin
12. _______
6. light
5. granum
Cycle
reaction
9.ATP
12. thylakoid
10.NADPH_
_
13. O2
14. sugar
Word list:
thylakoids
Calvin cycle
CO2
NADP+
granum
light
NADPH
O2
stroma
H2O
ATP
ADP + P
light reactions
sugar
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Insert stuff from: http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS12/LS12.html
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Cellular Respiration Worksheet
1. What are the 2 metabolic pathways a cell can use and what determines which pathway is used?
Aerobic respiration & anaerobic respiration; they depend on the presence or absence of oxygen
2. Write the overall equation for cellular respiration.
Aerobic: Glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide + water
Anaerobic (alcohol fermentation): Glucose→ ethanol alcohol + carbon dioxide
Anaerobic (lactate formation): Glucose → lactic acid
3. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process?
Aerobic: Glycolysis & Kreb’s cycle/electron transport chain
Anaerobic: Glycolysis & Lactate Formation or Alcohol Feremntation
4. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular respiration occur? Why?
Cytoplasm; the necessary enzymes are located there
5. Where in the cell does the Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle part of cellular respiration occur? Why?
Mitochondrial matrix; the necessary enzymes are located there
6. Where in the cell does the electron transport part of cellular respiration occur? Why?
Mitochondrial membrane/cristae; increased surface area for more ATP production
7. How many ATP are made in the glycolysis part of cellular respiration?
2
8. How many ATP are made in the Kreb’s cycle part of cellular respiration?
2
9. How many ATP are made in the electron transport part of cellular respiration?
32
10. In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made?
Kreb’s cycle
11. What are NAD+ and FAD? What do they do and what do they become?
They are electron carriers in the ETC; they become NADH and FADH2
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
12. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made?
ETC
13. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme (aka catalyst) for one step of the process was
missing or defective?
The process would stop and no more products would be made
14. Where does the process of fermentation take place?
cytoplasm
15. What are the products of lactate fermentation?
Lactic acid
Crista (plural cristae)
16. What are the products of ethanol fermentation?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
17. Draw and label a mitochondrion and include all of the parts that are used during cellular respiration.
Answer given and labeled picture given above
21
Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Insert handout from: http://lhsblogs.typepad.com/files/cell-respiration-virtual-lab.pdf
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Potato Cube Lab
Investigating surface area-to-volume ratio.
Background:
Cells are limited in how large they can be. This is because the surface area and volume ratio does not stay the
same as their size increases. Because of this, it is harder for a large cell to pass materials in and out of the
membrane, and to move materials through the cell. To maintain life, and carry-out cellular functions, materials
must be able to move into and out of the cell. Also, material needs to be able to move within the cell.
In this lab, you will make cube shaped models to represent cells. The dimension along one side will be doubled
with each model. You will then calculate the surface area, volume, and the ratio between the two.
- In your own words, what is the surface-area-to-volume ratio and why is it so important?
Materials:
2 or 3 potatoes
Food colored water or iodine
Large beaker (400 mL or 600 mL)
Ruler
Scalpel
Hypothesis: (what size potato do you think will have the greatest surface-area-to-volume ratio?
Smallest? Why do you believe that?)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
Procedure:
1. Cut out three different potato cubes: 2x2x2 cm, 3x3x3 cm, and 4x4x4 cm
2. Record the dimensions of your cubes in the data table.
3. Place the cubes in a beaker of colored water/Iodine solution
4. Wait for five minutes, remove the cubes and cut in half.
5. Record your observations.
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
Data:
Create a data table to collect your data. Make sure to include the volume and surface area for all 3 cubes and some type
of observation measurement.
Conclusion:
1. Which cube allowed for more absorption of food coloring throughout the ENTIRE CELL? Why? Use surface area
and volume in your explanation.
2. How is the total surface area for each cell calculated? Show a formula.
3. How is the total volume for each cell calculated? Show a formula.
4. How can the surface area-to-volume ratio be calculated? Show a formula.
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
5.
Name: ____________________________________
Which model has the largest surface area-to-volume ratio? Is this what you predicted? Explain why you were
correct or wrong.
6. What might be the advantage of having a large surface area?
7. What might be the disadvantage of having a large volume?
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Biology, Unit 3- The Cell
Name: ____________________________________
INSERT CELL CYCLE NOTES
INSERT OLD MITOSIS NOTES
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