EOC Review: Biochemistry,
Enzymes, Cell, and Cell
Transport
Christopherson
Monomer
• Single molecule
• One subunit
• Example: Single
bead for a
necklace
Polymer
• Many molecules
• More than one
subunit
• Example: Beads
making up a
necklace
Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates
Monomer of a Carbohydrate
Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide
Polymer of a Carbohydrate
Complex sugar
Type of Carb: Monosaccharide
• Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar
• Example: Glucose or Fructose
Indicator: Benedict’s Solution
Positive Test: Turns Green to Red
Type of Carb: Polysaccharide
Explanation: Many
Sugars
Example of a Polysaccharides
Cellulose:
Provides
structure for
plants
Example of a Polysaccharide
Starch: Stored
Energy in plants
Examples of a Polysaccharide
Chitin: Structure
and support for
insects and
mushrooms
Indicator: Iodine
Positive Test: Turns Black
Example of a Polysaccharide
Glycogen:
Stored energy
in animals
Carbohydrate Functions #1
•Short term
energy
source
•Burn quickly
•Glucose
Carbohydrate Function #2
•Stored
Energy
•Organisms
store what
they don’t
use
•Glycogen
and Starch
Carbohydrate Function #3
Provide
structure
for plants,
fungus,
and
insects
Four Macromolecules: Lipids
Lipids
• Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel
Positive Test: Grease Spot
Lipids Function #1
Long term energy
storage
Lipids Function #2
Provide
Insulation
Lipids Function #3
Regulate water
movement in and
out of the cell
Four Macromolecules: Proteins
Protein Monomers and Polymers
Indicator: Biuret’s
Positive Test: Turns Purple
Proteins Function #1
Make up the
structure and
function of muscles
Proteins Function #3
Blood has hemoglobin
(protein) which helps
transport oxygen
Proteins Function #4
Insulin (protein)
helps glucose
move from our
bloodstream to
our cells
Protein Function - #5
Enzymes (Protein) fuel every
chemical reaction in
organisms.
Helps form bonds and break
things down
Four Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
• Elements present:
Only one with P
• Monomer:
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid Function #1
Responsible for an
organisms genetic
make-up (DNA)
Nucleic Acid Function #2
Usable
form of
energy
(ATP)
Nucleic Acid – Function #3
Makes Proteins:
RNA
Chemical Reaction
Occurs when bonds are broken or
formed to create a new substance
Reactants
Products
Characteristics of Enzymes #1
Enzymes are
biological
catalysts;
speed up the
rate of
reaction
Example of Enzymes as Catalysts
Characteristics of Enzymes #2
Enzymes are
site specific
One enzyme =
One job
How Enzymes Work
Environmental Effects on Enzymes
1. Temperature*
•High
Temperatures
can denature
enzymes
•Denature means
lose shape
(active site).
Environmental Effects on Enzymes
1. pH
•Dramatic
changes in the
pH of a solution
can denature an
enzyme
•Decreasing
enzyme activity
Eukaryotic Cell Definition
Complex cells that
have “membranebound” organelles.
“Membrane-bound”
means that they have
an outer layer.
Two main types of Eukaryotic Cells
1. Animal Cell
2. Plant Cell
Nucleus
Location:
Function:Large
Control
circle
center
typically
of theincell;
the
middle
location
ofof
the
DNA
cell
Ribosomes
Location:Location
Small dots
all oversynthesis;
the cell
Function:
of protein
where proteins are made
Mitochondria
Function:
Breaks
down
sugar
into
ATP
Location: Throughout the cell
(usable form of energy); Powerhouse of
the cell
Chloroplast
Location: Green “beans” throughout a
Function: Location of photosynthesis;
plant cell
process by which plants make food
Vacuole
Location: Throughout an animal cell;
makes upStores
the majority
a plant
celletc.
Function:
water, of
food,
waste,
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Function: Control what comes in and out
Location: Outer layer of the cell
of the cell; gatekeeper
Homeostasis
The ability of an organism to adjust its
internal environment to keep it stable.
Cell Wall
Location: Layer outside of the cell
Function: Provide structure and support
membrane in some organisms
Plants
Cell Wall
Bacteria
Cell Wall
Fungus
Cell Wall
Phytoplankton
Cell Wall
Prokaryotic Cell Definition
Simple cells that
lack “membranebound”
organelles.
“Membranebound” means
that they have an
outer layer.
Examples of Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
Differences
between
Prokaryotic
and
Eukaryotic
Cells
Cell
Specialization
Nerve Cell:
Conducts
messages
throughout
organisms
Cell
Specialization
Muscle Cell:
Stretches and
contracts like a
rubber band;
allows muscles to
work
Cell Specialization
Blood Cell:
Shaped like flat discs; Allows for more surface
area for oxygen attachment
Cell Specialization
Sperm Cell:
Possesses a tail; allows for movement to the
egg
Cellular Transport
Christopherson
Where are WE?
Tissue
Organism
Cell Transport is
fueled by the
need of the cell
to maintain
homeostasis
Diffusion
Movement of particles from an high
concentration to a low concentration;
reach homeostasis
High
Low
What is concentration?
The amount of a substance
High concentration means there is a lot
present
Substances that can diffuse across the
cell membrane
Osmosis
Movement of WATER from a high to a low
concentration
Hint:
a. Water will ALWAYS move to the higher
concentration of dissolved substances.
Hint:
b. Solute SUCKS solvent (water)!!!!
Solute
Water
Isotonic Solution
• Cell remains same
size
• Water moves in and
out at same rate
(time)
• The concentration
of dissolved
substances is equal
in and out of cell.
Hypotonic Solution
• Cell swells
• Water moves in
• The higher
concentration of
dissolved
substances is
__________ the
cell.
Hypertonic Solution
• Cell shrinks
• Water moves out
• The higher
concentration of
dissolved
substances is
__________ the
cell.
Two types of transport in cells
Passive Transport: Movement of particles from a
high to a low concentration
Two types of transport in cells
Active Transport: Movement of particles from a low
to a high concentration; ATP is needed
ATP
LOW
HIGH