Name:_____________________________________________
The Nervous System Outline
Functions of the Nervous System
 __________________ —gathering information
 To monitor _________________ occurring inside and
outside the body
 _________________= stimuli
 _________________
 To process and interpret _________________input and
decide if _________________is needed
 _________________
 A _________________to integrated stimuli
 The response activates _____________or____________
Structural Classification of the Nervous System
 _________________nervous system (CNS)
 _________________
 _________________
 _________________nervous system (PNS)
 _________________outside the brain and spinal cord
 _________________nerves
 _________________nerves
Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous
System
 _________________ (_________________) division
 Nerve fibers that carry information ________ the central
nervous system
 Motor (_________________) division
 Nerve fibers that carry impulses ___________ from the
central nervous system
 Two subdivisions
 _________________nervous system = voluntary
 _________________nervous system = involuntary
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
 Support cells in the CNS -“_______________________”
 Function: to ___________, insulate, and __________ neurons
 _________________
 Abundant, __________-shaped cells
 Brace neurons
 Form barrier between _________________and neurons
 Control the _________________environment of the brain
 _________________
 Spiderlike phagocytes
 _________________of debris
 _________________cells
 Line _________________of the brain and spinal cord
 Circulate _________________fluid
 _________________
 Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system
 Produce myelin _________________
 _________________ cells
 _________________neuron cell bodies
 _________________cells
 Form myelin _________________in the peripheral nervous
system
Nervous Tissue: Neurons
 Axonal terminals contain vesicles with _________________
 Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a _____
 _________________—gap between ____________neurons
 _________________—junction between nerves
 Myelin _____________—whitish, fatty material covering axons
 ________________cells—produce myelin ___________ in jelly
roll–like fashion
 Nodes of __________—______ in myelin sheath along the axon
Neuron Cell Body Location
 Most neuron cell bodies are found in the ______ nervous system
 __________matter—cell bodies and ______________fibers
 __________—clusters of cell ___________ within the white
matter of the _______ nervous system
 ______________—collections of cell bodies outside the central
nervous system
Functional Classification of Neurons
 _________________= nerve cells
 Cells specialized to _________________messages
 Major regions of neurons
 _________________—nucleus and metabolic center
 _________________—fibers that extend from cell body
 Cell body
 _________________substance
 Specialized _________________________ reticulum
 _________________
 Intermediate cytoskeleton
 Maintains cell _________________
 Cell body
 _________________
 Large _________________
 Processes outside the cell body
 _____________—conduct impulses toward the cell body
 _____________—conduct impulses away from the cell body
 Axons end in axonal _________________
 _________________ (afferent) neurons
 Carry impulses from the sensory receptors ____ the CNS
 Cutaneous sense organs
 _________________—detect stretch or tension
 _________________ (efferent) neurons
 Carry impulses ________ the central nervous system to
viscera, ___________, or ___________
 _________________ (association neurons)
 Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system
 Connect _______________and ______________neurons
Structural Classification of Neurons
 _______________neurons—many extensions from the cell body
 _______________neurons—one axon and one dendrite
 _______________neurons—have a short single process leaving
the cell body
Functional Properties of Neurons
 _________________
 Ability to respond to _________________
 _________________
 Ability to transmit an _________________
Nerve Impulses
 Resting neuron
 The plasma membrane at rest is _________________
 _____________positive ions are inside the cell than outside
 _________________
 A stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s _________________
 A depolarized membrane allows ___________ (Na+) to flow
_________________ the membrane
 The exchange of ions initiates an ________ ________________
 _________________potential
 If the action potential (nerve _________________) starts, it
is propagated over the _________________axon
 Impulses travel ________ when fibers have a myelin sheath
 _________________
 Potassium ions rush ______ of the neuron after sodium ions
rush in, which _________________the membrane
 The _________________ pump, using _______, restores
the original configuration
Transmission of a Signal at
Synapses
 Impulses are able to
___________ the synapse to
another nerve
 ________________is
released from a nerve’s
axon terminal
 The
___________________ of
the next neuron has
receptors that are
stimulated by the
neurotransmitter
 An action potential is
started in the
_________________
The Reflex Arc
 ______________—rapid, _______________, and involuntary
response to a stimulus
 Occurs over pathways called reflex ________
 Reflex arc—_____________ route from a __________ neuron,
to an ____________, to an ______________
Types of Reflexes and Regulation
 _________________reflexes
 Activation of skeletal muscles
 Example:
 _________________reflexes
 _________________muscle regulation
 Heart and blood pressure regulation
 Regulation of glands
 Digestive system regulation
 _________________, or knee-jerk, reflex is an example of a
__________-neuron reflex arc
Central Nervous System (CNS)
 CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
 The neural tube becomes the __________ and __________
 The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles
 _______ chambers within the brain
 Filled with _________________fluid
Regions of the Brain

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
_________________ hemispheres (_________________)
_________________
_________________ stem
_________________
Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
 Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
 _______________ (left and right) superior parts of the brain
 Includes more than ___________ of the brain mass
 The surface is made of ridges (_____) and grooves (______)
 Lobes of the cerebrum
 ___________ (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes
 Surface lobes of the cerebrum
 _________________lobe
 _________________lobe
 _________________lobe
 _________________lobe
 Layers of the cerebrum
 ___________ matter—_______ layer in the cerebral cortex
composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
 ___________ matter—fiber tracts ______ to the gray matter
 Corpus _________________ connects hemispheres
 ________ nuclei—islands of _________ matter buried within the
white matter
 Specialized areas of the cerebrum
 Primary _________________ sensory area
 Receives impulses from the body’s ________ receptors
 Located in _________________lobe
 Primary _________________area
 Sends impulses to _________________muscles
 Located in _________________lobe
 _________________area
 Involved in our ability to _________________
 Cerebral areas involved in special senses
 _________________area (taste)
 _________________area
 _________________area
 _________________area
 Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
 Speech/_________________region
 Language _________________region
 General _________________area
Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon
 Sits on top of the ___________ stem
 _________________ by the cerebral hemispheres
 Made of three parts
 _________________
 _________________
 _________________
 Thalamus
 Surrounds the ____________ ventricle
 The __________ station for sensory impulses
 Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for
localization and interpretation
 Hypothalamus
 _____________ the thalamus
 Important _________________ nervous system center
 Helps regulate body __________________
 Controls __________ balance
 Regulates _________________
 An important part of the __________ system (__________)
 The ____________ gland is attached to the hypothalamus
 Epithalamus
 Forms the ______________ of the third ventricle
 Houses the ____________ body (an endocrine gland)
 Includes the _________ plexus—forms ____________ fluid
Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem
 Attaches to the ______________ cord
 Parts of the brain stem
 _________________
 _________________
 _________________ _________________
 Midbrain
 Mostly composed of ____________ of nerve fibers
 Has ______ bulging fiber tracts— cerebral peduncles
 Has ______ rounded protrusions— corpora quadrigemina
 Reflex centers for _________ and ___________
 Pons
 The bulging __________ part of the brain stem
 Mostly composed of fiber tracts
 Includes nuclei involved in the control of ______________
 Medulla Oblongata
 The _________________part of the brain stem
 _________________into the spinal cord
 Includes important fiber tracts
 Contains important control centers
 _________ rate control
 Blood __________ regulation
 ___________
 ___________
 ___________
 _________________Formation
 Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem
 Involved in ________ control of visceral ____________
 Reticular activating system (RAS) plays a role in
_________________cycles and consciousness
Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum
 ___________ hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
 Provides involuntary ________________ of body movements
Protection of the Central Nervous System

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


Scalp and __________
__________ and vertebral column
Meninges
_________________ fluid (CSF)
_________________ barrier
Meninges
 ___________ mater
 Double-layered _______________ covering
 _____________—attached to inner surface of the skull
 _____________ layer—outer covering of the brain
 Folds inward in several areas
 ___________________ layer
 Middle layer; Web-like
 __________ mater
 Internal layer
 Clings to the _______________ of the brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)




Similar to blood _________________composition
Formed by the choroid plexus
Forms a watery _________________to protect the brain
Circulated in ________________ space, ______________, and
______________ canal of the spinal cord
Hydrocephalus in a Newborn
 Hydrocephalus
 CSF _________________and exerts ________________on
the brain if not allowed to drain
Blood-Brain Barrier
 Includes the least _________________ capillaries of the body
 Excludes many potentially ________________ substances
 Useless as a barrier against some substances
 ___________ and fat soluble molecules
 __________________ gases
 _______________
 _______________
 _______________
Traumatic Brain Injuries
 _________________
 Slight brain injury
 ________ permanent brain damage
 _________________
 Nervous tissue destruction occurs
 Nervous tissue _______________ regenerate
 Cerebral ______________
 _________________ from the inflammatory response
 May compress and _____________ brain tissue
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
 Commonly called a ______________
 The result of a _________________ blood vessel supplying a
region of the brain
 Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source _____
 Loss of some functions or _____________ may result
Alzheimer’s Disease
 _________________ cover the spinal cord
 Spinal nerves leave at the level of each _________________
 ______________root
 Associated with the dorsal root ganglia—collections of
cell ___________ outside the central nervous system
 _____________ root
 Contains axons
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 _____________ and ganglia outside the central nervous system
 _____________ = _____________ of neuron fibers
 Neuron fibers are bundled by _________________ tissue
PNS: Structure of a Nerve
 ___________________ surrounds each fiber
 Groups of fibers are bound into __________ by _____________
 Fascicles are bound together by ____________________
PNS: Classification of Nerves
 ____________ nerves
 Progressive _____________________ brain disease
 Both _________ and _________ fibers
 Mostly seen in the ___________, but may begin in middle age
 Sensory (________________) nerves
 ________________ changes in the brain include abnormal
 Carry impulses ______________ the CNS
protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons
 Motor (_______________) nerves
 Victims experience memory _________, irritability,
 Carry impulses _____________ from the CNS
___________, and ultimately, ___________________ and death
Spinal Cord
 Extends from the foramen ______________ of the skull to the
first or second _______________ vertebra
 ________ pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord
 _________________-collection of spinal nerves at inferior end
Spinal Cord Anatomy
 Internal _________ matter is mostly cell bodies
 Dorsal (____________) horns
 Anterior (_____________) horns
 Gray matter surrounds the ___________ canal
 Central canal is filled with __________________ fluid
 Exterior __________ mater—conduction tracts
 Dorsal, lateral, ventral columns
PNS: Cranial Nerves
 ______ pairs of nerves that mostly serve the ______ and _____
 Only the pair of __________ nerves extend to thoracic and
abdominal cavities
 Most are __________ nerves, but three are _________ only
 I _____________ nerve—sensory for smell
 II ____________ nerve—sensory for vision
 III ____________ nerve—motor fibers to eye muscles
 IV ____________ —motor fiber to eye muscles
 V ____________ nerve—sensory face; motor-chewing muscles
 VI ____________ nerve—motor fibers to eye muscles
 VII ____________ nerve—sensory for taste; motor to the face
 VIII ________________________nerve—sensory for balance
and hearing
 IX ________________________ nerve—sensory for taste;
motor fibers to the pharynx
 X __________ nerves—sensory and motor fibers for pharynx,
larynx, and viscera
 XI _________ nerve—motor fibers to neck and upper back
 XII _________________ nerve—motor fibers to tongue
 Neurotransmitters
 Somatic: always use _____________________
 Autonomic: use _________________,
_________________, or __________________
PNS: Autonomic Functioning
PNS: Spinal Nerves
 There is a pair of spinal nerves at the level of each vertebrae for
a total of ____ pairs
 Formed by the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the
spinal cord
 Named for the region from which they ____________
PNS: Anatomy of Spinal Nerves
 Spinal nerves divide soon after leaving the spinal cord
 _________ _________—serve the skin and muscles of the
posterior trunk
 _________ _________—form a complex of networks
(_____________) for the anterior
PNS: Autonomic Nervous System
 _______________ subdivision of the PNS
 Consists only of motor nerves
 Also known as the ________________ nervous system
 Regulates activities of cardiac and smooth ___________
and __________________
 _________ subdivisions
 ___________________ and ___________________
PNS: Differences Between Somatic and Autonomic
Nervous Systems
 Nerves
 Somatic: ____________ motor neuron
 Autonomic: _____________ and _____________ nerves
 Effector organs
 Somatic: _____________ muscle
 Autonomic: ___________ muscle,_____________ muscle,
and ______________
 ___________________—“fight or flight”
 Response to unusual ______________
 Takes over to _____________ activities
 Remember as the “E” division
 ______________, ______________, ______________,
and ______________
 ___________________—“housekeeping” activites
 ______________energy
 ______________daily necessary body functions
 Remember as the “___” division
 ____________, ____________, and ____________
Development Aspects of the Nervous System
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Formed during the ___ month of embryonic development
Any maternal ____________can have extremely harmful effects
The ______________ is one of the last areas of brain to develop
No more ____________ are formed after birth, but growth and
maturation continues for _____________ years
 The brain reaches maximum ____________ as a young adult