By: Devin Marion
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CREDITS
Plant
Cell
MITOSIS
(Cell Cycle)
Mutations
Animal Cell
QUIZ!!!
DEFINITIONS
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CREDITS
• Here is a review of
what a plant cell looks
like.
• Note it has a cell wall
unlike an animal cell
and a large vacuole.
• Mitosis occurs in the
nucleus.
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Doesn’t have a
cell wall like a
plant cell and has
more of a round
shape.
Like the plant cell
replication
occurs in the
nucleus.
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• Five stages of mitosis
1. Interphase
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
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Before cell division can start the cell must undergo interphase. During interphase
the cell makes copies of all its genetic information.
Interphase has 3 stages
1.
2.
3.
•
G1 phase: Normal cell function and storing up proteins and nutrients.
S (synthesis) phase: cell duplicates its DNA.
G2 Phase: resuming normal growth and preparing for division.
NOTE: Interphase is the longest phase of mitosis
S Phase:
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• In prophase, the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes. The
nuclear envelope breaks down and spindles form at opposite "poles" of
the cell.
• Chromatin fibers become coiled into chromosomes with each
chromosome having two chromatids joined at a centromere.
• Mitotic spindle begins to form.
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• Broken Down in two parts:
1. Prometaphase:
• Transition from prophase to metaphase.
• Nuclear envelope breaks up and the mitotic spindles
can move in.
• Kinetochores develop on the chromosomes so the
chromosomes can attach to mitotic spindle.
2. Metaphase:
• Each chromosome is moved to a plane at the center of
the spindle.
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• Prometaphase:
Note the nuclear envelope is gone
and the kinetochore are trying to
attach to the spindles.
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• Metaphase:
– Alignment of the chromosomes
– Now attached to spindles
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• The chromatids separate at the centromeres
and each chromatid is pulled to the opposite
pole.
Each chromosome breaks into
two parts (chromatid). Both
pieces are exact copies of each
other (sister chromatids).
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• Here is a video to better show anaphase.
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• In telophase, the new daughter nuclei and
nuclear envelopes start to reform and the
chromosomes uncoil.
Cleavage furrow also occurs
during this step indicating the
beginning of cytokinesis.
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• Cytokinesis: cell pinches together and divides
into two separate cells.
Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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In plants,
cytokinesis
begins with a
series of
vesicles that
form at the
equator of the
cell, which
subsequently
join until the
cell is divided
in two.
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• A quick video to show all the stages in action
together.
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• Mitosis- the usual method of cell division, characterized
typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into
a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each
of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of
each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells
resulting from the original cell.
• Interphase- the period of the cell cycle during which the
nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring
between mitotic or meiotic divisions.
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• Prophase- the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic
cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down
and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.
• Prometaphase- The stage of mitosis or meiosis in which the
nuclear membrane disintegrates, the centrioles reach the
poles of the cell, and the chromosomes continue to contract.
• Metaphase- the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the
duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of
the spindle.
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• Anaphase- the stage in mitosis or meiosis following
metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away
from each other to opposite ends of the cell.
• Telophase- the final stage of cell division, in which daughter
cell nuclei form around chromosomes at opposite ends of the
dividing mother cell.
• Cytokinesis- the division of the cell cytoplasm that usually
follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.
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• Chromosomes-any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of
chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order.
• Centromere-a specialized structure on the chromosome,
appearing during cell division as the constricted central region
where the two chromatids are held together and form an X
shape.
• Chromatids-one of two identical chromosomal strands into
which a chromosome splits longitudinally preparatory to cell
division.
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• Mitotic spindle-The fusiform figure characteristic of a dividing
cell, consisting of microtubules, some of which become
attached to each chromosome at its centromere and provide
the mechanism for chromosomal movement.
• nuclear envelope- the double membrane surrounding the
nucleus within a cell.
• DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid: an extremely long macromolecule
that is the main component of chromosomes and is the
material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms,
constructed of two nucleotide strands coiled around each
other in a ladderlike arrangement
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• Please choose a genetic disorder caused by DNA
mutations from the list provided… more on next
page…Come up to me to sign up for a mutation
only 2 students per option!!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Angelman syndrome
Canavan disease
Color blindness
Cystic fibrosis
Down syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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7. Haemophilia
8. Klinefelter syndrome
9. Sickle-cell disease
10. Tay–Sachs disease
11. Turner syndrome
12. Crohn's disease
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• After you have chosen the genetic disorder
from the list you must write a 2 paragraph
paper (8-10) sentences.
• Paper must include:
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–
–
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Definition of the disease
How it is acquired
Treatment or cures if any
How it ties into mitosis
• Use time in computer lab to research.
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1. What is the longest stage of
mitosis?
A. Prophase
B. Interphase
C. Anaphase
D. Cytokinesis
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2. Which is the correct order of mitosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Interphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase.
Metaphase, interphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase.
Metaphase, interphase, prophase, anaphase, cytokinesis.
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3. Which stage of mitosis is depicted?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Telophase
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4. Which stage of mitosis is depicted?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Prophase
Telophase
Prometaphase
Anaphase
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5. True or False: Cytokinesis is part of telophase?
A. True
B. False
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6. At what stage of mitosis do the chromatids
separate at the centromeres and each
chromatid is pulled to the opposite pole.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Telophase
Prophase
Anaphase
Metaphase
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7. What is the difference between cytokinesis of
a plant cell versus an animal cell?
A. plant cells start dividing from top to bottom.
B. Series of vesicles which join until the cell is
divided.
C. A cell wall forms down the middle to separate
into two cells.
D. Trick question…no difference
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8. How many students can be assigned to a
specific disorder? See if you read the
instructions!
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
3
No limit
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• http://vschool.nides.bc.ca/_first_assignments/Biology12_S/bi12/my_files/
module1/section1/lesson2/topic1.html
• http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/jiwilliams/model_of_animal_cell.htm
• http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/mitosis.htm
• http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/interphase_.html
• http://www.thaigoodview.com/files/u30464/interphase3.gif
• http://cyberbridge.mcb.harvard.edu/images/mitosis4_2.png
• http://biology.about.com/od/mitosisglossary/g/centromere.htm
• http://biology.about.com/od/mitosis/ss/mitosisstep_2.htm
• http://jingyufeigreen4.edublogs.org/files/2011/11/prophase-24zcwmw.gif
• http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/prometaphase.png
• http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/chromosome1.gif
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http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/metaphase.png
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/metaphase.html
http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/anaphase.png
http://youtu.be/k3ECNH1MSCw
http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/D/d756b5b73abe2974f3521a8287918
99f/telophase.gif
http://drugline.org/img/term/cytokinesis-3890_3.JPG
http://youtu.be/lH_PuokSV48
http://youtu.be/VlN7K1-9QB0
http://dictionary.reference.com/
http://www.bing.com/Dictionary/search?q=define+telophase&qpvt=Telop
hase+Definition&FORM=DTPDIA
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_disorders
• Clip Art
• http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/rules/tac/chapter112/ch112c.html
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http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/rules/tac/chapter112/ch112c.html
§112.34. Biology, Beginning with School Year 2010-2011 (One Credit).
(a) General requirements. Students shall be awarded one credit for successful
completion of this course. Prerequisites: none. This course is recommended
for students in Grade 9, 10, or 11.
(c) Knowledge and skills.
(5) Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the
importance of cell differentiation. The student is expected to:
(A) describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of
organisms;
(B) examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants; and
animal cells such as blood, muscle, and epithelium;
(C) describe the roles of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and environmental
factors in cell differentiation; and
(D) recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer.
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