THE JEFFERSON
ADMINISTRATION
ELECTION OF 1800
 Resulted in a tie
between Jefferson
and Burr
 Decided in the
House of
Representatives
 Adams lost
because of a split
in the Federalist
party
12th AMENDMENT
 Requires electors
to vote for
president and vicepresident on
separate ballots
12th AMENDMENT
Instead of :
 ADAMS
 PINCKNEY
 BURR
 JEFFERSON
All running for Pres.
Now:
President….
 ADAMS
JEFFERSON
Vice President…
 BURR
PINCKNEY
GOALS OF THE JEFFERSONIAN
REPUBLICANS
 Calm political storms
 Consolidate victory
 Purge Federalist
influences from the
federal government
 Dismantle the
Federalist war program
 Reduce the size of the
federal government
and the national debt
REDUCE THE SIZE OF
GOVERNMENT BY…
 Allowing the Alien and
Sedition Acts to expire
 Repealing
Naturalization Act
 Reducing the size of
the army and navy
 Repealing federal
internal taxes
 Cutting federal
spending
BUILDING AN AGRARIAN
EMPIRE
 Jefferson believed that
REPUBLICANISM
(equality) could be
destroyed by economic
and social
development; rapid
western expansion
would help preserve
equality in America.
The future of the
country lay in the
yeoman farmer (not to
mention Jefferson’s
political support).
WESTERN EXPANSION
 Secure western
borders to protect
against England,
France, and Spain
 Secure the food supply
 Sale of public land
would decrease
national debt
 New western states
would strengthen
Jefferson’s political
base
THE FEDERAL COURT SYSTEM
 After Jefferson was
elected (but before he
took office), Adams
appointed hundreds of
federal judges under
the Judiciary Act of
1801. He also
appointed John
Marshall as Chief
Justice of the Supreme
Court. These actions
assured Federalist
control of the court
system.
THE MARSHALL COURT
 MARBURY v.
MADISON
 McCULLOCH v.
MARYLAND
 GIBBONS v.
OGDEN
MARBURY v. MADISON
 ESTABLISHED THE
PRINCIPLE OF
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
JUDICIAL REVIEW
 The Constitution is
the supreme law of
the land.
 When there is a
conflict between
the Constitution
and any other law,
the Constitution
MUST be followed.
MARBURY v. MADISON
 The judicial branch has
the duty to uphold the
Constitution.
 IT IS THE DUTY OF
THE JUDICIAL BRANCH
TO DETERMINE WHEN
A FEDERAL LAW
CONFLICTS WITH THE
CONSTITUTION AND
cancel
unconstitutional
laws.
McCULLOCH v. MARYLAND
 Broad
Congressional
authority
 Held that the
ELASTIC CLAUSE
allows the
Congress to do
more than the
Constitution
expressly
authorizes it to do.
GIBBONS v. OGDEN
 Federal law
supercedes state
law in interstate
transportation.
REGIONALISM IN 1800
 NORTHEAST—
SMALL FAMILY
FARMS
 SOUTH—
With the invention
of the cotton gin
by Eli Whitney in
1793, southern
plantations began
growing less
tobacco and more
cotton.
WESTWARD EXPANSION
 Louisiana purchase
 Lewis and Clark
and the Corps of
Discovery
 Zebulon Pike
 Military posts
established
 1801 Land Act
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
 1800—Louisiana
territory belonged to
Spain
 1802—Spain refused
to allow Americans to
ship goods down the
Mississippi River or
trade in New Orleans.
 1802—Spain gave
Louisiana territory
back to France.
 The French leader,
Napoleon Bonaparte,
wanted to create an
American empire from
a base in the French
colony of Santo
Domingo. A slave
revolt (inspired by the
French revolution), led
to independence for
the colony (now Haiti).
Napoleon now had no
use for Louisiana.
 Napoleon needed
to raise money to
finance the war he
was planning
against Britain, so
he decided to sell
the Louisiana
territory to the
U.S.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
 1803
 James Monroe was
sent to France to make
the purchase from
foreign minister
Talleyrand.
 $15 million
 Doubled the size of the
U.S.
 Jefferson worried that
the purchase might be
unconstitutional.
LEWIS AND CLARK AND THE
CORPS OF DISCOVERY
 GOALS—
1. Make contact
with the Native
population.
2. Establish the
fur trade.
3. Bring back
scientific
information.
 Lewis and Clark
explored the center
of North America,
from the
Mississippi River to
the Pacific Ocean,
north of Spanish
territory. They
were helped by
Sacajawea.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE
EXPEDITION
 Collected valuable
information on
people, plants,
animals, and the
geography of the
West.
 Provided
inspiration to a
nation of people
eager to move
westward.
ZEBULON PIKE
 1805 AND 1806—
explored the
sources of the
Mississippi River
and the southern
Rocky Mountain
(Pike’s Peak).
MILITARY POSTS ESTABLISHED
 To secure the
frontier
 Promote the fur
trade
 Support white
settlement
GOALS OF JEFFERSON’S LAND
POLICY
 Produce revenue to
reduce the national
debt
 Settle people
quickly on federal
land
 1801 Land Act—
increase the
purchase of federal
land by 4x.
GOALS OF JEFFERSON’S
FOREIGN POLICY
 Protect America’s
interests on the
high seas
 Secure America’s
western territories
against foreign
threats
 Break free from
dependence on
Europe
PRINCIPLES OF JEFFERSON’S
FOREIGN POLICY
 No entangling
alliances with
Europe
 Overseas
commerce
emphasized
(import and
export)
 Most importantly,
MAINTAIN PEACE!
Why did Jefferson think it was
important to maintain peace?
 According to
Jefferson, war
inflames politics,
stifles free speech,
increases the
national debt, and
expands
governmental
power.
 In 1803, war
resumed in Europe.
The U.S. attempted
to maintain
neutrality, but
Britain began
seizing American
ships and
impressing
American sailors.
AMERICAN ATTEMPTS TO
MAINTAIN NEUTRALITY
 Non-Importation
Act (1806)—
prohibited the
importation of
British goods; the
British replied by
blockading the
European coast
and cutting off
American trade to
European nations.
 1807—British warship
attacked an American
ship (Leopard vs.
Chesapeake), killing
American crew
members. To avoid
war, Jefferson
withdrew American
ships from the Atlantic
and the Embargo Act
(1807) was passed.
EMBARGO ACT
 American vessels were
forbidden from sailing
to foreign ports.
 Had little effect on
Britain
 Was a severe blow to
American commerce
 Many Americans
ignored the embargo
 Federalist party made
a comeback because
of the economic effect
of the embargo
JEFFERSON’S FAILURES
 Embargo caused
severe economic
problems
 Failed to solve
international
problems
 Commitment to
minimal
government left
the country
militarily
unprepared.
JEFFERSON’S SUCCESSES
 Lower taxes and
national debt
 Smaller
government
 Open doors to
immigrants
 Peace
 Louisiana purchase
 Thomas Jefferson
followed the
precedent set by
George Washington
and stepped aside
after serving two
terms as president.
 Thomas Jefferson
and John Adams
died on the same
day—
July 4, 1826
on the 50th
anniversary of the
signing of the
Declaration of
Independence.