Muscle & Nervous Tissue
Chapter 5 cont….
Muscle Tissue
3 types:
– Skeletal muscle tissue
– Smooth muscle tissue
– Cardiac muscle tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Muscles (attached to bone)
• “striated voluntary” muscle
• Structure: striations, multi-nucleated, long,
tread-like cells, bundles of microfilaments
Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Aka: visceral muscle tissue
• Lines walls of hollow internal organs (viscera)
– Stomach, intestines, blood vessels
• “non-striated involuntary” muscle
• Structure: long, narrow cells, non-striated
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Walls of the heart
• “striated involuntary” muscle
• Structure: striations, dark band
(intercalated disks (where plasma
membranes meet up)
Nervous Tissue
•
•
Rapidly integrates activities of various
parts of the body
Rapid communication is made possible
b/c of the excitability & conductivity
characteristics of the nervous tissue
http://www.mindcreators.com/Images/NB_Neuron.gif
Nervous System
3 Parts:
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
Nervous Tissue:
• Common origin:
ectoderm
• Two cell types:
1. Neurons (nerve cell)
2. Neuroglia (supporting
cells)
Anatomy of Neurons
• Cell body – soma
• Cell processes:
– Axon 
transmits nerve
impulses away
from cell body
– Dendrites 
carry signals
towards axon
http://www.nida.nih.gov/jsp/MOD3/images/NEURON2.gif
Homework
1. Finish reading chapter 5 (pp 143-151)
2. Muscle tissue handout – Due Tuesday
Warm Up (10/5/10)
Use your notes to identify the muscle tissue
below:
2.
1.
3.
Reminder
• Muscle tissue quiz on block day
– Study muscle tissue notes & muscle tissue
WS
• Exam I is on Friday – will cover
remainder of chapter 5
Tissue Repair
After mechanical damage or tissue injury:
• Phagocytic cells remove dead or
injured cells
• Regeneration: growth of functional
new tissue (via mitotic division)
Repair capacity based on tissue type
Epithelial & Connective Tissue Repair
• Greatest capacity to regenerate
Epithelial Tissue:
– Cut/injury  cell division  tissue
regeneration
Connective Tissue:
– Cut/injury  activation of cells that make
collagen fibers  injury site filled w/ dense
fibrous CT
Small injury – dense fibrous CT replaced by
normal tissue
Deep/large injury – dense fibrous CT forms
scar
Muscle Tissue Repair
• Limited repair capacity
• Damaged muscle tissue replaced with
fibrous CT
• Results in loss of some or all ability to
function normally
Nervous Tissue Repair
• Limited ability to regenerate
• Some neurons outside the brain and
spinal cord can regenerate (slow
process)
• Majority of the time: brain & spinal
injuries always result in permanent
damage
Body Membranes
• Membrane – thin, sheet-like structure
• Two types:
– Epithelial membranes
• Composed of epithelial tissue and underlying
connective tissue
– Connective Tissues membranes
• Composed entirely of connective tissue
Epithelial Membranes
1. Cutaneous membrane
–
Cover body surfaces exposed to external
environment (skin)
2. Serous membrane
–
Single membrane covering two different surfaces
•
•
–
Parietal membrane – lines walls of body cavities
Visceral membrane – covers surface of organs
Secrete thin, watery substance to prevent
rubbing
3. Mucous membrane
–
Line body surfaces open to exterior
•
Ex: respiratory, digestive, urinary & reproductive
tracts
Connective Tissue Membranes
Synovial membranes
• Lines spaces between bones & joints
• Secrete thick, colorless, lubricating
fluid (synovial fluid)
• Fluid helps reduce friction btwn bone
surfaces
Mechanisms of Disease –
Tumors & Cancer
• Neoplasm – “new matter” (tumor)
– Abnormal growth of cells
• Benign Tumors
–
–
–
–
Do no spread to other tissues
Slow growth
Encapsulated
Usually not lethal unless interfere w/ organs
Mechanisms of Disease –
Tumors & Cancer
• Malignant tumors (cancer)
– Not encapsulated
– Spreads (metastasizes)
– Cancer cells spread via blood or lymphatic
system
– Rapid growth/spread to nearby tissue
(Known) Causes of Cancer
• Genetic Factors
– Inherited cancer genes “oncogenes”
– Tumor suppressor gene – fails to operate
– Usually genetic predisposition coupled with cancercausing mechanisms
• Ex: breast cancer
• Carcinogens (cancer markers)
– Affect genetic activity  abnormal cell reproduction
– Also called mutagens
– Ex: chemicals, sun, viruses
• Age
– Some cancers arise based on age
• Ex: leukemia (young) & colon cancer (older adults)
Detection of Cancer
• Self-examination
– Breast and testicular exams
• Medical Imagining
– X-ray
• Ex: mammogram – detection of breast cancer
– CT, MRI, ultrasound
• Produce cross-section of body images for tumor
detection
• Blood tests
– Look for tumor markers (ex: PSA)
• Biopsy
– Removal of tumor tissue
Cancer Treatment Options
• Stage and grade cancer
– Helps determine outcomes
• Surgical removal (if possible)
– Could leave behind malignant cells
• Chemotherapy – cytotoxic (cell-killing) drugs
– Destroys remaining malignant cells
• Radiation therapy
– Destructive x-ray or gamma radiation destroys cancer
cells
• Immunotherapy
– Boosting immune system again viruses
Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 17th Edition.
Thibodeau, Gary A. PhD and Patton, Kevin T. PhD. Mosby, Inc.