HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY – FINAL EXAM REVIEW
Please study!
Reviewing all of your PowerPoint notes and vocabulary is a great way to begin… The following is a general guide.
*For each organ system – know the function/purpose of the system and major structures.
1. HUMAN BODY – AN ORIENTATION (8 questions)
a. definitions of anatomy versus physiology
b. relational/directional terms such as medial/lateral, superior/inferior, etc.
c. sections: transverse, sagittal, frontal/coronal
d. cavities: ventral & dorsal
e. function of each organ system
2. BIOCHEM (6 questions)
a. atoms: ions, isotopes
b. macromolecules: monomers of each, examples of each
c. pH (normal blood?)
3. CELLS & TISSUES (6 questions)
a. basic cell structures, particularly cell membrane
b. tissues: connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
(1) what are their features
(2) where are they found
c. endocrine versus exocrine glands
4. SKIN & MEMBRANES (7 questions)
a. function of skin and components found at each layer?
b. membranes: cutaneous, serous, mucous, synovial
(1) features of each membrane type, examples and locations
c. burns – 1st, 2nd, 3rd
(1) main concerns with severe burns?
d. ABCD of melanoma mole identification
5. SKELETAL SYSTEM (7 questions)
a. functions of skeletal system?
b. bone shapes: short, flat, irregular, long – examples and locations
c. compact, spongy, dense
d. axial skeleton versus appendicular skeleton
e. bone fractures and bone healing
f. vertebral column bones
6. NERVOUS SYSTEM (11 questions)
a. Divisions of nervous system:
CNS
(brain and spinal cord)
PNS
(cranial and spinal nerves)
SENSORY
(afferent)
sense organs
MOTOR
(efferent)
SOMATIC
(voluntary)
skeletal muscle
AUTONOMIC
(involuntary)
cardiac, smooth muscle, glands
parasympathetic
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
sympathetic
neuron structure
nerve impulse, action potential
stress response (sympathetic division)
reflex arc
sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord from superior to inferior
receptors: thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, proprioceptors, gustatory receptors
light movement through parts of the eye
7. RESPIRATORY (7 questions)
Diagram: respiratory system
a. function – where does gas exchange take place?
b. structures
c. amount of air exchanged during normal breathing
8. MUSCLE SYSTEM (7 questions)
Diagram: sarcomere
a.
b.
c.
d.
structure, function, location of skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle
major muscles of chest, shoulders, and back
aerobic versus anaerobic exercise
neuromuscular junction
9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (7 questions)
a. digestive enzymes – locations and what they act upon
b. functions of each component of the digestive system, liver, and pancreas
c. path of food through the digestive system (naming each structure and what happens in each place)
d. energy unit for food
10. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (6 questions)
a. what do hormones control?
b. negative versus positive feedback regulation
c. hormones produced by the hypothalamus
d. thyroid function requires what element?
e. blood sugar regulation
f. sleep cycle regulation
11. BLOOD & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (11 questions)
a. what kind of tissue is blood? (connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous)
b. blood vessels – know the flow to and from heart
(1) arteries  arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins
(2) where is blood pressure high? Low?
c. red blood cells – name, where produced, lifespan, blood-typing
d. white blood cells – 5 types, characteristics
e. heart – structures, blood flow to and from
f. systemic versus pulmonary circulation
g. location of carotid artery
12. URINARY/EXCRETORY SYSTEM (1 question)
a. function of the urinary system?
There are 84 multiple choice questions/no short answer essays. Grade will be averaged from 75 points, so there are nine
extra credit opportunities. Do all questions on exam, however, and leave nothing blank!