CHAPTER 9: LAUNCHING A NEW REPUBLIC
Test Review
GEORGE WASHINGTON
 1st President of the United States
 Reluctant President
 Set many precedents as president
 A precedent is a decision someone makes on how to handle an issue that then
becomes a “rule” on how others will follow later in dealing with similar situations.
 Appointed a cabinet of officials to give him advice on how to deal with issues while
he was president.
 He only ran for president twice, this was followed by each president until Franklin D.
Roosevelt ran 4 times during the 1930s and 40s.
PRESIDENTIAL CABINET
 During his presidency, Washington set up a cabinet with three
departments
 Department of State: Thomas Jefferson
 Department of War: Henry Knox
 Treasury Department: Alexander Hamilton
ALEXANDER HAMILTON
 1st Secretary of the Treasury
 Thought the way to pay for our Revolutionary War debt was to raise
money through tariffs
 Thought the US should be urban (full of cities and manufacturing)
HAMILTON & THE NATIONAL BANK
 Hamilton wanted to create an official bank of the US because he
believed that having a bank to issue currency and make business loans
would strengthen the United States.
 His 3 part plan:
 Create a national bank
 Pay off war debts (using revenue from tariffs)
 Raise money for the government
NECESSARY AND PROPER CLAUSE
 AKA: the ‘elastic’ clause
 Gives Congress more powers than just those listed in the Constitution
THOMAS JEFFERSON
 1st Secretary of State
 Wanted the expansion of states’ rights
 Wanted a weak federal government and a strong state government
 Wanted the US to be more rural and full of farmers
 Member of the Democratic Republican party
FEDERAL JUDICIARY ACT 1789
 Signed into law by Washington
 Congress set up a court system
 Act gave Supreme Court six members
 5 Justices and 1 Chief Justice
 Set up lower, less powerful federal court system
WHISKEY REBELLION
 Congress decided to tax luxury items, like whiskey
 Many farmers simply refused to pay it
 In an effort to end protests, they lowered the tax. Many paid, but the
“Whiskey Boys” tarred and feathered tax collectors that tried to enforce
the law
 Washington believed the rebellion was a threat to the authority of the
national government and lead 13,000 militia to stop the threat
 They stopped the rebellion and proved the new government was strong and
powerful
WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS
 Avoid entangling alliances
 Trade is fine, but don’t become involved in anything happening across
the ocean or we might get pulled into their problems.
 Warned against creating political parties
 Warned against taxing the American people too heavily
POLITICAL PARTIES
Who Should Govern?
Democratic-Republican Party
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Federalists Party
Common People
•
Rich, educated, elite
Structure of Government
Democratic-Republican Party
•
•
Federalists Party
Favored a weak central government, strong state
government
Favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution
•
•
Favored a strong central government
Favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution
Economics
Democratic-Republican Party
•
•
Opposed a national bank
Favored farming
Federalists Party
•
•
Favored national bank
Favored manufacturing, trade, finance
Foreign Affairs
Democratic-Republican Party
•
•
•
Leaders: Jefferson and Madison
Supporters: farmers, tradespeople
Strongest in the South
Federalists Party
•
•
•
Leaders: Hamilton and Adams
Supporters: bankers, lawyers, manufacturers
Strongest in New England and along Atlantic
Coast
XYZ AFFAIR
 Issue faced by John Adams when he took over the Presidential office
 France and Britain were at war
 France began seizing US ships and looting them to prevent US trade with Britain
 Adams sent an ambassador to France to try to work things out
 For several weeks no one would talk to them, until three French men (X,Y, and
Z) said they could meet with France for $10 million
 The ambassadors refused and reported it back to John Adams
 Adams cancelled its treaties with France and allowed the US to seize French
ships
 Adams also set aside money to expand the navy and the army
ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
 First laws John Adams enacted
 Alien Acts
 Extended time it took for an immigrant to become a citizen with the right to vote
from 5 to 14 years
 Allowed the president to jail or deport aliens that were suspected of activity against
the government
 Sedition Act
 Stated that ‘printing, uttering, or publishing any false scandalous and malicious writing’
against the government was a crime.
 Used to punish Republican newspaper editors who insulted President Adams
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
 Vetoes bills
 Negotiate treaties
 Commander in chief of the military
VOCABULARY
 Strict Construction
 Loose Construction
 Tariff
 Neutrality
 Treasury
 Propose
 Bias
 Precedent
 Foreign
 Enact