Name: ______________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Period: _____
PHYSIO | The Skeletal System Study Guide Part I
A. Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
1. The skeletal system performs the following functions:
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Support:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Protection:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Assisting in movement:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Mineral homeostasis:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Production of blood cells:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Triglyceride storage:
_________________________________________________________________________________
B. Types of Bones
1. Bones can be classified on the basis of ________________ and _______________ into four main types.
2. Long bones: __________________________________________________________________________
Examples: ___________________________________________________________________________
3. Short bones: _________________________________________________________________________
Examples: ___________________________________________________________________________
4. Flat bones: __________________________________________________________________________
Examples: ___________________________________________________________________________
5. Irregular bones: ______________________________________________________________________
Examples: ___________________________________________________________________________
C. Structure of Bone
1. The typical anatomy of a long bone includes the following:
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Diaphysis: ________________________________________________________________________
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Epiphyses: ________________________________________________________________________
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Metaphyses: ______________________________________________________________________
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Articular Cartilage: _________________________________________________________________
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Periosteum: ______________________________________________________________________
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Medullary Cavity: __________________________________________________________________
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Endosteum: _______________________________________________________________________
D. Bone Surface Markings
The various structural features are adapted to specific functions.
Depression and Openings
1. Foramen: ____________________________________________________________________________
2. Meatus: _____________________________________________________________________________
3. Fossa: ______________________________________________________________________________
Processes that Form Joints
4. Condyle: ____________________________________________________________________________
5. Head: _______________________________________________________________________________
6. Facet: ______________________________________________________________________________
Processes to which tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues attach
7. Tuberosity: __________________________________________________________________________
8. Spinous Process or Spine: _______________________________________________________________
9. Trochanter: __________________________________________________________________________
10. Crest: _______________________________________________________________________________
E. Divisions of the Skeletal System
1. The adult human skeleton consists of _______________ bones in two principal divisions
2. The axial skeleton is composed of _______________ bones.
3. The appendicular skeleton consists of _______________ bones.
F. Axial Skeleton: Skull
1. The skull rests atop the ____________________ & consists of the cranial bones (8) & facial bones (14).
2. The ____________________________ are the frontal bone (1), parietal bones (2), temporal bones (2),
occipital bone (1), sphenoid bone (1), and ethmoid bone (1).
3. The _______________________ are the nasal bones (2), maxilla (2), zygomatic bones (2), mandible (1),
lacrimal (2), palatine bones (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), and the vomer (1).
G. Sutures
1. Sutures are ___________________________ joints in an adult found only in the __________________
bones. They are represented by the following:
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Coronal suture: Unites the ___________________ bone with the 2 ____________________ bones.
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Sagittal suture: Unites the 2 _____________________ bones.
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Lambdoidal suture: Unites the __________________ bones with the 2 _________________ bones.
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Squamous suture: Unites the 2 __________________ bones with the ___________________ bone.
H. Axial Skeleton: Hyoid Bone
1. The hyoid bone is unique in that it does not _______________________________ with any other bone
in the body. It acts as an attachment sites for several muscles and ligaments of the
_______________________, ____________________________, and ___________________________.
I. Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
1. The vertebral column is composed of 26 bones, distributed into ________________ regions.
2. The cervical region in the neck region contains 7 bones. The thoracic region contains 12 bones. The
lumbar region contains 5 bones. The sacral region contains 5 bones fused into one. The coccygeal
region can contain up to 4 bones fused into one.
3. There are four curves found in the normal vertebral column. They aid to ________________________,
___________________________, _________________________, and prevent ____________________
of the vertebral column bones.
4. The thoracic and sacral curves are primary curves, remnants of the fetus’s single anteriorly concave
curve.
5. The cervical and lumbar curves are anteriorly convex. These secondary curves develop as a child
begins to hold the head up (cervical curve) and assumes an upright position (lumbar curve)
respectively.
6. Between each vertebrae there is a disc of ________________ cartilage called the ________________
disc, which serves to act as a shock absorber.
J. Axial Skeleton: Thorax
1. The thoracic cage consists of the _______________________________, _________________________
(and associated costal cartilages), and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. It protects the __________
in the thoracic and abdominal cavity.
2. The sternum is composed of 3 major areas: ________________________________________________
3. Twelve pairs of ribs make up the thoracic cavity. They attach posterior to the thoracic vertebrae.
4. The first seven pairs of ribs are attached directly to the sternum via _____________________________
and are called the true ribs.
5. The remaining five pairs of ribs are referred to as the ____________ ribs because their costal cartilages
do not directly attach to the __________________.
6. The eleventh and twelfth false ribs are also called the ______________ ribs because their anterior ends
to not attach at all.