Chapter Two
Part 1
Classifying Matter
Properties of Matter
The Nature of Matter
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
The word matter comes from the Latin word materia,
meaning “material” or “stuff”
First we
need
Examples
of Matter:
to ask . . .
What
is
matter?
You can observe matter easily with your senses . . .
rocks, trees, bicycles, air . . . Basically everything
and anything!
The only thing that wouldn’t be matter would be
energy (sunlight, heat, electricity).
- no mass or volume so they can’t be matter!
Elements, Molecules, and Compounds
Elements and compounds make up all the different kinds
of matter in the universe.
Elements are the simplest form of matter
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Six elements
make up 99% of all living matter!
Examples
of Elements:
 Each element is made of atoms of the same type.
• Sulfur
• Nitrogen
 Each
gold has a unique
 aluminum
set of physical and chemical
• Potassium
• Carbon
 silverproperties.
 nitrogen
•Oxygen
• Hydrogen
117
known
elements
in the universe.
 oxygen
 tin
 Approximately 92 are found naturally on Earth.
 hydrogen
 calcium

Compounds, Molecules, and Elements
Compounds are two or more elements combined
chemically together.


Properties are different from the properties of the
elements that make them up.
Elements in a compound have a fixed ratio.
Example:
Most matter
is
in the
Na
H +in theO
Cluniverse
2
= Water
Salt
form of(chlorine)
compounds!
(oxygen)
(hydrogen)
(Sodium)
Explosive
Soft metal
explodes in
gas
H20
Explosive
Poisonous
gas gas
greenish
Molecules, Elements, and Compounds
When two or more atoms combine, they form a
molecule.


Most molecules are made of two or more atoms
A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance
with the same properties of the substance.
NOTE: Compounds are different
than molecules because
compound is used to
describe the substance in
general, while molecule
describes the smallest
particle of the substance.
Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions
A mixture is a combination of two or more
substances NOT combined chemically.
May be a mixture of
both elements and
compounds

Substances keep their
unique properties and
can be separated by
physical means.

Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions
There are two types of mixtures . . .
Heterogeneous – the parts of the
mixture are noticeably different
from one another.
Homogeneous – the parts (substances)
are evenly distributed. It is difficult to
tell one substance from another.
Solutions, and Suspensions and Colloids
A solution is a mixture that looks like a single
substance and has the same properties
throughout.
Solute ~
The substance that dissolves in a
solution.
Solvent ~
The substance into which the
solute dissolves.
Solutions, and Suspensions and Colloids
A colloid is a mixture that contains both small particles
in solution and larger particles in suspension.
• Colloids do not
separate into layers.
• Colloids, like
suspensions scatter
light.
Milk is an example of a colloid.
In a suspension components are
dispersed, but large enough to see and
settle out.
Chapter Two
Part 2
Physical Properties
Properties of Matter
Physical Properties
Physical property is a property that can be
observed without changing the identity of
the substance.
Examples:





viscosity
conductivity
malleability
hardness
magnetism




melting point
boiling point
density
color
Examples of Physical Properties
Viscosity of a substance is
its resistance to flow.
Examples:
Conductivity is a material’s
ability to allow heat to flow.
Examples: metal = high conductivity
wood = poor conductivity
water = low viscosity
honey = high viscosity
Examples of Physical Properties
Malleability of a substance is
its ability to be hammered into a
thin sheet
Melting and Boiling points are the
temperatures at which a solid becomes
a liquid and a liquid becomes a gas.
Density of a substance is the
ratio of its mass compared to its
volume.
Physical Properties to separate mixtures
Two common separation methods:
Filtration – process that
separates materials based
on the size of their
particles.
Distillation – process that
separates the substances
in a solution based on
their boiling points.
Physical Change
A change in the appearance, without changing
the composition of the material.
be reversible,
or irreversible
It is• aCan
physical
change
if . . .
• Substance may seem different, but the
the atoms
link upor
is size
the same.
changes
shape
It
 way
Ordissolves.
the
substance
changes
phase.
Chapter Two
Part 3
Chemical Properties
Properties of Matter
Chemical Properties
Chemical property is any ability to produce a
change in the composition of matter.
Examples of chemical properties . . .
flammability
reactivity
Material’s ability
to burn in the
presence of
oxygen.
How readily a
substance combines
chemically with other
substances.
Chemical Changes
Chemical changes occur when a substance
reacts and forms one or more new
substances.
You know a chemical change has occurred
when . . .
 A change in color.
 Production of a gas.
 Formation of a precipitate.
What kind of change is it?
physical
What kind of change is it?
chemical
What kind of change is it?
physical
What kind of change is it?
physical
What kind of change is it?
chemical
What kind of change is it?
physical