MODULE 2
Two-dimensional materials
instructional materials
TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D)
◦ At this time and age, teachers have wide array
of choices of what instructional media to use.
However, when you visit classrooms, the most
common (or the only) instructional media you
will find are those that are the twodimensional.
◦ Two-dimensional are the things that only has a
length and a width that only appears in the in
the vision of the child.
CHALKBOARD
These are the most common
instructional media found in classrooms,
rural and urban alike. Chalkboards, once
called blackboards, come in a variety of
colors but the most common is green .
 A chalk is used is used for writing in on
its surface .
 Aside from using it as a medium for
verbal communication, it is also used as a
surface where pictures are, posters,
charts, etc are posted.
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WHITEBOARDS AND
MAGNETIC BOARDS
Whiteboards and magnetic boards (also
sometimes called multipurpose boards) are
those with the glossy surface, commonly white
color, where non permanent markings are made
with he use of special felt pens.
 These became popular around the 90s when
there was a growing concern on the potential
health risk of chalk dust.
 A white board became a magnetic board a
magnetic board when it is made with a metal
base.
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CLOTH BOARDS
This is a piece of plywood or heavy
cardboard covered with either felt, flannel,
or carpet.
 The fuzzy surface of a felt, flannel, or
carpet allows visual materials with
appropriate backing to adhere.
 The following will hold to these kind of
boards: felt, flannel, sandpaper, and yarn.
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HOOK AND LOOP BOARDS
In creating hoop-and-loop board, a plywood or
heavy cardboard is covered with a nylon loop
material and the nylon hooks are adhered on the
back of the instructional materials to be placed
on the board.
 The material used to cover the board is a nylon
loop material. The material used to cover the
back of the objects to stick to the board is a
nylon hook material.
 Objects used on a hook and loop board may be
larger, heavier, or have dimension to them because
of the strength in the grip of the hook and loop
material.
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PEG BOARDS
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Are made of tampered masonite with
1/8inch holes drilled 1 inch apart.
These boards are used in displaying threedimensional objects or heavy materials with
the use of hooks inserted into the board.
Perforated hardboard is
tempered hardboard which is pre-drilled
with evenly spaced holes. The holes are used
to accept pegs or hooks to support various
items, such as tools in a workshop.
BULLETIN BOARD
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Bulletin boards are generally not used
directly in instruction but tend to be a
supplement.
These boards are usually designed as an
instructional device that can carry a message
without the presence of a teacher.
Many sport dozens, if not hundreds or
thousands of public bulletin boards, used for
everything from advertisements
by extracurricular groups and local shops to
official notices.
GRAPHIC MATERIALS
Graphic materials translate abstract ideas
and relationships into a concrete form.
 They are non-photographic, twodimensional materials designed to
communicate a message to the viewer .
 They often include verbal as well as visual
symbols.
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DRAWING AND SKETCHES
Drawing and sketches employ the use of
lines, either simple or crude. They may
not be the real thing but they may
represent persons, places, things, and
concepts.
 In general, drawings are more finished and
representational compared to sketches.
 a rapidly executed freehand drawing that
is not intended as a finished work.
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CARTOONS
Cartoons use symbolism and oftentimes
bold exaggeration to present at a glance a
message or point concerning news events,
people or situation.
 This pictorial representation of a person,
idea or situation should be drawn around a
single idea and presented in in a challenging
manner.
 A good cartoon needs not much caption as
the symbolism conveys the message.

STRIP DRAWINGS
It is a form of cartooning in which a cast
of characters enacts a story in a sequence
of closely related drawings.
 A comic strip is a sequence of drawings
arranged in interrelated panels to display
brief humor or form a narrative, often
serialized, with text in balloons and
captions.
 Strips are written and drawn by a comics
artist or cartoonist.
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POSTERS
Posters are combination of lines, images,
colors, and words.
 They are intended to catch attention and
communicate a message quickly.
 Posters can be used to stimulate interest
in a new topic, a special class, or a new
event.
 In selecting a poster to use, make sure
that it is appropriate to the grade level,
subject, and purpose.
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CHARTS
Charts are graphic representation of
abstract relationship such as chronologies,
quantities, and hierarchies .
 A chart is a graphical representation
of data, in which "the data is represented
by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart,
lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie
chart".
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Types of charts
A. organizational charts
 B. classification charts
 C. time lines
 D. tabular charts
 E. flow charts
 F. tree or stream charts
 G. gannt charts
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GRAPHS
Graphs show quantitative data. These kind
of graphics make analysis an
interpretation of numerical information
easier.
 A graphic (such as a chart or diagram)
depicting the relationship between two or
more variables used, for instance, in
visualizing scientific data.
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Types of graphs
A. line graph
 B. bar graph
 C. pie graph
 D. area or solid graph
 E. pictorial graph
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DIAGRAMS
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Diagram are intended to show or to help
explain a process, how sometimes works or
how something is constructed.
A diagram is a two-dimensional
geometric symbolic representation of inform
ation according to some visualization
technique. Sometimes, the technique uses
a three-dimensional visualization which is
then projected onto the two-dimensional
surface. The word graph is sometimes used
as a synonym for diagram.
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS
Cluster or cloud diagram
 Chain of events fishbone mapping
 Cycle
 Compare/contrast
 Venn diagram
 Maps (flat maps)
 Flip charts
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PICTURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS
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The generic term picture includes any kind
of opaque representation of visual images
which include drawing, photograph, books,
and magazines.
The term photograph only includes those
images that were recorded by a camera and
is usually an exact representation of the
original.
images may be two-dimensional, such as
a photograph, screen display, and as well as a
three-dimensional, such as
a statue or hologram.
POSTCARDS
These are commercially printed with
space on one side for an address and
postage stamp used for sending a short
message through mail.
 Postcards on the country’s scenic spots,
heroes or presidents are widely available.
 They can be used in teaching in social
studies or as items to be posted on the
bulletin board.
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FLASHCARDS
These materials are used for drill
activities in teaching certain topics.
 Flashcards may contain words, phases,
sentences and math combinations. They
can help develop skills as well as
automatizing responses of learners.
 flashcard or flash card is a set of cards
bearing information, as words or numbers,
on either or both sides, used in classroom
drills or in private study.
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MODULE 3
THREE-DIMESIONAL (3D)
MODELS AND MOCK-UPS
Models are less modified real thingsreproductions of costly or delicate items that can
be provided at reasonable cost and are safe to
use.
 They are replicas of the real objects which may
be larger or smaller than the real thing.
 Mockups can be used as a low cost alternative to
the actual hardware. Basetech designs and builds
training mockups for both the public and private
sector. These mockups can be low detail
representations used for recognition training or
high detail functional replicas used for operations
and maintenance certification training.
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DIORAMA
The term diorama is of Greek origin which
means to see through .
 It is also known as a meaningful exhibit in boxes
or cases, which are portable.
 he word diorama can either refer to a
nineteenth century mobile theatre device, or, in
modern usage, a three-dimensional full-size or
miniature model, sometimes enclosed in a glass
showcase for a museum.
 Dioramas are often built by hobbyists as part of
related hobbies such as military vehicle
modeling, miniature figure modeling, or aircraft
modeling.
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PUPPETS
Are artificial figures whose movements are
controlled by a person.
 They are inanimate objects that are
manipulated so as to appear to be moving.
 There are many different varieties of
puppets, and they are made of a wide range
of materials, depending on their form and
intended use. They can be extremely
complex or very simple in their
construction. They may even be found
objects.
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TYPES OF PUPPETS
Shadow puppets
 Rod puppets
 Hand puppets
 Glove-and-finger puppets
 Marionettes
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MODULE 4
PROJECTION SYSTEM
FILMSTRIP PROJECTOR
It is a device used to view a filmstrip.
 The term filmstrip refers to a roll of 35mm
transparent film containing a series of containing
a series of related a still pictures shown one at a
time.
 Most projectors creates an image by shining a
light through a small transparent image, but some
newer types of projectors can project the image
directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display, or
retinal projector, is a projector that projects an
image directly on the retina instead of using an
external projection screen.
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SLIDE PROJECTOR
It is a device used to view photographic
slides.
 The term slides refers to a small format
photographic transparency individually
mounted for one at a time projection.
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OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
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It is a box with a large stage on the top
surface.
A lamp from inside the box is condensed by
a special type of lens and passes through the
transparency that is composed on then
stage.
A transparency may be composed of
photographic film, clear acetate, or any
transparent material capable of being
imprinted with an image by means of
chemical, heat process or direct drawing
method.
OPAQUE PROJECTOR
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The opaque
projector, epidiascopes, epidiascope or episc
ope is a device which displays opaque
materials by shining a bright lamp onto the
object from above. A system of mirrors,
Opaque projectors require brighter bulbs
and larger lenses than overhead projectors.
Care must be taken that the materials are
not damaged by the heat generated by the
light source.
LCD PROJECTOR
This is a type of projector that can display
video, images, or computer data on screen
or any flat surface.
 For this projector to work, it should be
connected to a computer.
 As polarized light passes through the
panels (combination of polarizer, LCD
panel and analyzer), individual pixels can
be opened to allow light to pass or closed
to block the light.
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MODULE 5
COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET
COMPUTER
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A system wherein its parts perform a
unified job of receiving inputs, processes the
information and transforms the information
into a new kind of result.
A computer is a
programmable machine designed to
sequentially and automatically carry out a
sequence of arithmetic or logical operations.
The particular sequence of operations can
be changed readily, allowing the computer to
solve more than one kind of problem.
INTERNET
The internet is the word wide network of
in connected computer networks that
operates using a standardized set of
communication protocols.
 It is a network of networks that consists of
millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless and
optical networking technologies.
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WEB 2.0
Wiki
 Blog
 Online collaborative websites
 Media sharing
 Social bookmarking
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WEB ENHANCED LEARNING
ACTIVITIES
Online treasure hurt
 webquest
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