Climate Change and Green
Technology
Dr.Roy Kunjappy
Convenor, FANSA-Kerala Chapter/ Director CCHR
Centre for Community Health Research (CCHR),
Sadanathil bungalow, Vettikavala, Kottarakara ,
Kollam ,Kerala; India. Tel: 91 474 2403358; Mob: 09847282833; Email:roycchr@sify.com ; http://www.cchrindia.org
Part-1: Climate change
CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL IMPACTS
 Climate change is currently evidenced as
severe storms, floods and droughts.
 Substantial reduction of tropical forests and
grassland;
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Decrease in the availability of water in the
rivers/groundwater level/ dug wells;
Decline in yields of food grains;
Rise in sea level leading to erosion of
coastal areas
and increased incidence of water borne
disease, and vector-borne disease such as
malaria.
Sources of CO2 in atmosphere
CO2 emission from motor
vehicles, factories, waste
decomposition, etc. etc
From natural sources like
volcanoes eruption etc. etc.
Global Warming is produced by GHS
Green house gases: share of each gas
Source: IPCC 2007
CO2 Increase
The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
till 1950 has never exceeded 300 ppm.
But the atmospheric concentration of
CO2 in 2005 was 370 ppm.
Before 1950 -
180-300 ppm,
1950 - 300 ppm
2005 - 370 ppm.
Safety level : 350 ppm ( www.350.org )
There is strong evidence for global warming
and climate change
Sea temperatures have risen by an
average 0.50C over the last 40 years.
Global surface temperatures have risen
about 0.70C in the past 100 years.
The global mean sea level has risen
between 10 and 25 cm (average 13 cm)
during the last 100 years.
In the Arctic 20,000 square kilometers of
fresh water ice have melted.
Predictions on climate
change
Climate models predict an increase in
average surface air temperature of
about 2.50C by the year 2100.
Climate change impacts in
Kerala
WHO report of on dengue fever
Rise in sea level
Lowering of water tables
Part-II: Green Technology
What is Green technology Or
Environmental technology or
Clean technology?
 Green Technology or Environmental technology
or Clean technology is the application of one or more
of environmental Sciences, Green chemistry,
environmental monitoring and electronic devices to
monitor, model and conserve the natural environment
and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of
human involvement.
 Green technology is a field of new, innovative ways to
make changes in daily life. Currently, this Clean
Technology is in the beginning stages of its
development, so the future will only bring bigger and
better things for this field.
Green Technology is part of Business
Exchange ( from developed countries to
developing or reverse order).
Cleantech, is new technology and
related business models offering
competitive returns for investors and
customers while providing solutions to
global challenges
Green Technology is the safeguard
against environmental pollution.
Green Technology gives the concept of
cleanliness and freshness.
What is Green chemistry?
The invention, design and application of
chemical products and processes to
reduce or to eliminate the use and
generation of hazardous substances.
Adopting the green technology, we are
intending to make the earth green free from any
danger.
Our environment needs salvage from
pollution. With the help of recycling process we
can reduce the waste material. Reusable things
are better to introduce to improve the
cleanliness level.
Water is the basic for green life which is the
symbol of cleanliness. Impure water causes
many diseases.
Water is the basic ingredient of Green
Technology without water there is nothing
fresh.
Planting more and more trees is the
demand of present environment. They
absorb carbon dioxide from surrounding
and release oxygen which helps us to
breath(United Nations has declared the year 2011 as the
‘International Year of Forests’).
Developing proper sewage system needs
innovative green technologies.
This waste water should be directed
towards the places where it can be used
like fields.
At present Kerala state is having no waste
management model? ( ref. CM of Kerala)
Examples of Green
Technology
Recycling
Water Purification
Air Purification
Sewage treatment
Environmental remediation
Solid waste management
Renewable energy
eGain forecasting
 Energy Conservation
 Recycling: eg. Liquid and solid waste recycling
 Water purification: The whole idea/concept of having
dirt/germ/pollution free water flowing throughout the environment.
 Air Purification: basic and common green plants can be grown
indoors to keep air fresh because all plants remove CO2 and convert
it into oxygen.
 Sewage treatment is conceptually similar to water purification.
 Environmental remediation is the removal of pollutants or
contaminants for the general protection of the environment.
 Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse,
disposal and treatment of solid waste
 Renewable energy is energy that can be replenished and that can
be produced by natural resources/minerals like wood, sun,
wind,tides, water etc.
 E-gain forecasting is a method using forecasting technology to
predict the future weather's impact.
 Energy conservation is the utilization of devices that require smaller
amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity
( Carbon Credit programme- eg. CFL lamp distribution in Kerala).
Recycling

Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into
new products to prevent waste of potentially useful
materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw
materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution
(from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling)
by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal,
and lower greenhouse gas emissions.
 Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
A recycling truck collecting the contents of a
recycling bin in Canberra, Australia
Recycling and rubbish bin in a
German railway station.
Early sorting of recyclable materials:
glass and plastic bottles in Poland.
Waste is not a waste but a
resource
Sign board at Mahabalipuram,
Tamil Nadu, India
E-waste collection/ recycling
point
Computers being collected for recycling at a pick up
event in Olympia, Washington.
Water purification
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1 Sources of water( source protection)
· 2 Treatment
2.1 Pre-treatment
 2.1.1 pH adjustment
2.2 Flocculation
2.3 Sedimentation
2.4 Filtration
 2.4.1 Rapid sand filters
2.5 Membrane filtration
 2.5.1 Slow sand filters
 2.5.2 Removal of ions and other dissolved substances
 2.5.3 Other mechanical and biological techniques
2.6 Disinfection
 2.6.1 Chlorine disinfection
2.7 Chlorine dioxide disinfection
2.8 Chloramine disinfection
 2.8.1 Ozone disinfection
 2.8.2 Ultraviolet disinfection
 2.8.3 Hydrogen peroxide disinfection
 2.8.4 Various portable methods of disinfection
 2.8.5 Solar water disinfection
2.9 Additional treatment options
Rainwater harvesting ( ferro-cement
technology at SG College, Kottarakara)
Air purification: Air Quality in Ernakulam, Kerala
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY FROM 8/2002 TO 8/2004
COMMERCIAL AREA
SO2
NOx
RSPM
SPM
ERNAKULAM SOUTH
80
LIMIT
80
100
200
4.82
11.48
55.84
116.89
Max
27.13
121.89
185
269.3
Min
0.48
1.2
15
52
Average
NUMBER OF TIMES STANDARD
IS
0
EXCEEDED
2
14
7
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY at an industrial area (Eloor)
INDUSTRIAL AREA
ELOOR
SO2
LIMIT
NOx
120
RSPM
120
SPM
150
500
Average
51.95
19.07
65.54
129.1
Max
369.7
255.21
194
354
Min
0.78
0.61
18
66
NUMBER OF TIMES STANDARD
IS
EXCEEDED
20
4
3
0
Ambient air is monitored by Pollution Control Board for Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM),
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) and Oxides of
Nitrogen (NO X ) from stations located in industrial, residential and sensitive areas. Observations at these stations
show that SPM and RSPM regularly exceed allowable limits. SO 2 and NO X levels are observed to be almost
always within the prescribed limits ( source: Kerala pollution control Board)
CNG Vehicle Numbers By Country
The table below reflects the number of CNG vehicles currently circulating in leading
countries.
Sources: Gas Vehicles Report, December 2010,
Locations
Approximate Number of CNG
Vehicles
Pakistan
2,740,000
Iran
1,954,925
Argentina
1,901,116
Brazil
1,664,847
India
1,080,000
Italy
730,000
China
450,000
Colombia
340,000
Thailand
218,459
Bangladesh
193,521
Bangladesh
193,521
Bolivia
140,400
Egypt
122,271
United States 112,000
Russia
100,000
Venezuela
43,000
Canada
12,000
CNG implementation: New Delhi
A success story in India on air
pollution-New Delhi
A success story in India on air pollution-New Delhi
ESTIMATED VEHICULAR EMISSION LOAD IN NEW DELHI
Pollutants
Pollution load in thousand tonnes
Percentage (%)
reduction as
compared to
1995-96
1990-91
1995-96
1998-99
Sulphur dioxide
10
15
11
27
Nitrogen dioxide
139
207
182
12
Particulate Mater
19
28
21
25
Lead
0.190
0.362
0.007
97
Carbon Monoxide
243
351
337
4
Hydrocarbons
0.83
113
115
+2
Total Pollution
Load
493
714
666
--
Emission load in
Tonnes/day
1351
1947
1825
11
BIODIESEL Technology
Biodiesel is produced from plant seed:
1.
Jatropha seed oil
2.
Agricultural crops
3.
•
Soyabean oil
•
Corn oil
•
Sunflower
•
Canola
Palm oil
Jatropha plantation
Biodiesel
Sewage treatment, or domestic
wastewater treatment
Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater
treatment, is the process of removing contaminants
from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff
(effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical,
and biological processes to remove physical, chemical
and biological contaminants.
Its objective is to produce an environmentally-safe fluid
waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or
treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as
farm fertilizer). Eg.ECOSAN-Technology.
Sewage treatment plant
1. Origins of sewage
2. 2.1 Pre-treatment
2.1.1 Screening
2.1.2 Grit removal
2.1.3 Flow equalization
2.1.4 Fat and grease removal
2.2 Primary treatment
2.3 Secondary treatment
2.3.1 Activated sludge
2.3.2 Surface-aerated basins (Lagoons)
2.3.3 Constructed wetlands
2.3.4 Filter beds (oxidizing beds)
2.3.5 Soil bio-technology
2.3.6 Biological aerated filters
2.3.7 Rotating biological contactors
2.3.8 Membrane bioreactors
2.3.9 Secondary sedimentation
2.4 Tertiary treatment
2.4.1 Filtration
2.4.2 Lagooning
2.4.3 Nutrient removal
2.4.3.1 Nitrogen removal
2.4.3.2 Phosphorus removal
2.5 Disinfection
2.6 Odour control
3. Sludge treatment and disposal
4.1 Anaerobic digestion
4.2 Aerobic digestion
4.3 Composting
4.4 Incineration
4.5 Sludge disposal
Environmental remediation
Environmental remediation is the removal
of pollutants or contaminants for the
general protection of the environment.
This is accomplished by various chemical,
biological, and bulk movement methods,
in conjunction with environmental
monitoring.
Solid waste management
Solid waste management is the purification,
consumption, reuse, disposal and
treatment of solid waste that undertaken
by agencies including Governments/local
bodies ( Panchayats/Municipalities/
Corporations)
Solid waste management in Kerala ?
(yet no sustainable model?)
Solid waste management
Molded plastic, wheeled waste
bin
Anaerobic digestion component of Lübeck mechanical
biological treatment plant
A front-loading garbage truck in North America.
Truck loaded with domestic
garbage
Incineration plant in Vienna.
Incineration
 Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert
them into residue and gaseous products. This method is
useful for disposal of residue of both solid waste
management and solid residue from waste water
management.This process reduces the volumes of solid
waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume.
Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal
treatment".
 Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste
(EfW) is the process of creating energy in the form of
electricity or heat from the incineration of waste source.
 Incineration, the combustion of organic material such as
waste with energy recovery is the most common WtE
implementation.
Landfill
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves
burying the waste, and this remains a
common practice in most countries.
Landfills were often established in
abandoned or unused quarries, mining
voids or borrow pits. A properly designed
and well-managed landfill can be a
hygienic and relatively inexpensive
method of disposing of waste materials.
Landfill operation
A landfill compaction vehicle in action
Bio-degradable waste into
vermicompost in Kerala
A small bio-gas plant operated by students of St:Gregorios
College, Kottarakara, as part of the campaign on “zerowaste campus” ( Bio-gas used at the College canteen)
Biogas technology
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the
.
absence of oxygen
Bio-gas plant in Kottarakara Market
Non-renewable energy and
renewable energy
Non-renewable energy is that source of
energy which can not be used again and
again.These non-renewable energies like
coal, oil and gas are getting scarce. Energy
sources like oil, coal and gas are known as
fossil fuels.
Renewable energy is the energy from natural
sources and objects like sun, wind, and tides;
nuclear and hydroelectric power. Renewable
energy is energy that can be replenished easily.
For years we have been using sources like
wood, sun, water, etc. for means for producing
energy.
Renewable Energy -India
 Ministry of New and Renewable Energy of
Government of India.
 The Ministry is mainly responsible for research and
development, intellectual property protection, and
international cooperation, promotion, and coordination
in renewable energy sources such as wind power, small
hydro, biogas, and solar power. The broad aim of the
Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable
energy for supplementing the energy requirements of
India.
Renewable Energy Sources
Geothermal energy: Steam rising from the Geothermal
Power Station in Iceland.
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored
in the Earth
Wind power for electricity
generation
Small hydropower
 Another form of renewable energy is
hydropower. Water energy can be in many different
forms such as hydroelectric energy, micro hydro, hydro
power without dams, and ocean energy.
 Today there are many hydroelectric power stations in
the world and together they are providing about 20%
electricity across the globe.
Micro hydro power plants
Micro hydro in northwest Vietnam
A penstock pipe used in Afghanistan micro-hydro project
Micro hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power
installations that typically produce up to 100 kW of electricity.
Tidal power
Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of
hydropower that converts the energy of tide into useful
forms of power - mainly electricity.
Solar Power
Uses & Applications of Solar Energy:
The development and research in the field of alternative fuel
generation has also given rise to improvement in the
utilization of solar energy. The various applications of solar
energy include solar power houses, solar vehicles, cooking,
water purification, solar lighting and use of solar thermal
energy.
The heat from the sun is converted to electricity using
Photovoltaic (PV) . The use of Photovoltaic was limited to
very small applications like solar calculators. But now this
mechanisms is used to generate electricity in very large power
houses of up to 14MW.
Home Renewable Energy
Solar power
“Waste-free Campaign in Kerala”
launched by FANSA-Kerala Chapter on
Oct.2nd 2011
Campaign on sustainable sanitation in
schools by FANSA
Campaign on Sanitation by FANSAKerala Chapter
Toilet Queue by FANSA during the SACOSAN-IV
2011 in Colombo
World Environment Day-2011 (WED-2011)
celebrations and distribution of treesaplings
Pledge on water – a basic human right
Our website:
http://www.cchrindia.org