EMERGING ROLE
The
role of psychiatric nursing
began to emerge in the early
1950s.
In 1947 Weiss published an
article in the American Journal
of Nursing
CON….
The article by Benner and Eaton in
the American Journal of Psychiatric
nurses: Scarcity of qualified psychiatric
nurses
 Underuse their abilities
 The fact that “very little real
psychiatric nursing is carried out in
otherwise good psychiatric hospitals
and units
CONT..
In
1951 Mellow wrote of the
work she did with schizophrenic
patients. She called this
activities “nursing therapy “.
 In 1952 Tudor published a
study in which she describes the
nurse patient relationships. It is
characterized by unconditional
CONT…
care, few demands, and the
anticipation of her patients
needs.

CONT…
In
1952 Peplau published a
book, Interpersonal Relations in
Nursing
Theoretical frame work for
psychiatric nursing
“significant, therapeutic
process”.
VARIOUS ROLES OF NURSES
Resource
person
teacher
 leader in local, national, and
international situations
 Surrogate parent
counselor

CONT…
1950-Jones’
publication of the
Therapeutic community
The
second significant
development in psychiatry in the
early 1950s was the use of
psychotropic drugs
1958 -- FUNCTIONS OF PSYCHIATRIC
NURSES
 Dealing
with patient’s problems of
attitude, mood, and interpretation of
reality
 Exploring disturbing and conflicting
thoughts and feelings
 Using the patient’s positive feelings
towards the therapist to bring about
psycho physiological homeostasis
CONT..
Counseling
parents in
emergencies, including panic
and fear
Strengthening the well part of
the patients
CONT…
 In
1962, peplau identified the heart
of psychiatric nursing as the role of
counselor or psychotherapist
 In 1960 the focus of psychiatric
nursing began to shift to primary
prevention and implementation of
care and consultation in the
community.
CONT..
 Community
Mental Health Centers
Act of 1963 - “psychiatric nursing” to
“psychiatric and mental health
nursing”.
 The 1970 gave rise to further
development of specialty
CONT…
Develop
standards and
statements on scope of practice
Establish generalist and specialist
certification
The 1980 - scientific growth in
the area of psychobiology.
NEW FOCUS WAS PLACED ON
 Brain
imaging techniques
 Neurotransmitter and neuronal
receptors
 Psychobiology of emotions
 Understanding the brain
 Molecular genetics related to
psychobiology
CONT
In
1990s psychiatric nurses faced
with challenge of integrating the
expanding bases of neuroscience
into the holistic bio psychosocial
practice of psychiatric nursing
CONT…
Flaskerud
Wuerker (1999) note: the
philosophical and ethical challenge to
nursing is to integrate the biological
and behavioral concepts into the
nursing care of mentally ill people
SOCIO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
 Social
changes
 Economic and employment problem
 Technological changes
 Mass media
 Impact of western culture
 Stigma
 War and violence
 Group prejudice
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Type
of family
 Stress of urbanization
 Increasing number of elderly
people